Legal Issues Budgets and Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lawful Issues Budgets and Administration - Essay Example 2.) The Fair Labor Standards Act is a government law which ensured laborer's entitlement to least norms laws. It has characterized the 40-hour week's worth of work, set out government the lowest pay permitted by law, expressed the necessities for extra time and set limitations on kid work. Consequently, the significant arrangements of the Act are: a.) 29 U.S.C. Segment 206 administering representatives' lowest pay permitted by law; b.) 29 U.S.C. Segment 207 for number of long periods of work; and c.) 29 U.S.C. Area 203 (1) comparable to 29 U.S.C. Area 212 relating to kid work. 3.) The Equal Pay Act of 1963 tried to annul wage differentials dependent on sex. At the point when the bill was passed, sex separation was condemned with the goal that its key parts are the accompanying: a.) wages and expectations for everyday comforts for workers essential for their wellbeing and effectiveness; b.) counteraction of the most extreme use of the accessible work assets; c.) inclination to cause work clashes, which may force weight, influence, and block business; d.) troubling trade and the free progression of merchandise in business; and e.) coming about to an out of line methods for rivalry. 4.) Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964 essentially precludes separation in work when dependent on national beginning, sex, religion, shading, and race. Title VII not just explicitly distinguished explicit acts which would comprise infringement yet given to recuperation of compensatory and reformatory harms. In looking for harms, it gave ward upon courts to give injunctive help in instances of separation in open workplaces and offered position to the Attorney General establishment suits to advance social equality. 5.) The assurance of pay segregation for unique employments has gotten troublesome. The typical question is the thing that would be the premise or bases of segregation when in reality a representative has various capabilities or just into a disparate activity from the rest. The way that workers may have various occupations beside their own capabilities may turn into an issue of separation itself. At the end of the day, should segregation be precluded when conditions call for separation on account of fluctuating capabilities 6.) Not just that segregation has made injury in the general public, it additionally made different social ramifications like acquiring holes among genders as well as races in work environments. The general public has been separated into imagining that ladies as a rule are restricted with regards to what they could achieve rather than men. The equivalent is valid for people of various racial sources apparent to be underachievers, of low insight and inefficient. 7.) Social Security is a broad government program to the point that individuals doesn't have the foggiest idea how the program functions or how it is financed. Individuals have ambiguous of the way that they pay charges to profit them over the long haul and that their advantages are associated with their pay. This absence of mindfulness makes the individuals reluctant of the genuine advantages the individuals should get when they required standardized savings benefits at the hour of retirement. 8.) The administration framework influences the compensation goals in a way that assortment procedure might be influenced because of changing or flighty administration arrangements. 9.) The significance of controlling work costs is that it gives the business the thought and consciousness of operational expense which must match its anticipated development and save capital. With such control, spending may go past the genuine

Should children or spouses withhold life support to loved ones when it Essay

Should kids or companions retain life backing to friends and family when it is clear that the cherished one will never show signs of improvement or en - Essay Example At the point when relatives wind up in the pains of choosing whether or not to remove their adored one from life support, rather than completely thinking about explanation and the realities, they like to clutch the expectation that their cherished one will show signs of improvement after some time. They will in general permit themselves to be constrained by inquiries of ‘what if’, feeling that it will consistently be too early to settle on the choice with the expectations that perhaps the entirety of their cherished one needs is only somewhat more time. These days, specialists and nervous system specialists can decide the result of the patient with respect to personal satisfaction, however relatives frequently toss aside the realities and settle on just to pause and expectation. There are others that additionally accept that it would be viewed as murder to remove their relatives from life support, a tiresome idea that is contended on the two sides. The line among moral a nd exploitative turns out to be extremely slender in a circumstance, for example, this. By the by, there are some relatives that would essentially rather not see their cherished one scarcely alive and incapable to ever appreciate life. To them, there is no reason to life when life can't be appropriately appreciated. This, maybe, is the most ideal approach to look a circumstance of this nature. On the off chance that an individual is in a coma without the expectation of improving or having the option to make a mind-blowing most, it would be increasingly moral to not permit them to keep on misery, since enduring is all that they are doing. Relatives are here and there slanted to keep their friends and family in a coma without thinking about how that individual will really profit by it, in the event that they can profit by it by any stretch of the imagination. â€Å"Once an individual arrives at a condition of vegetation, it takes a marvel for them to come out of it (Freeman, pg. 92)à ¢â‚¬ . Numerous individuals require treatment, and even these patients don't proceed to lead typical, profitable lives. Portions of their mind are as yet unfit to capacity to leave them alone mindful of their environmental factors. With regards to mulling over whether to keep an individual in a coma, the instance of Terri Schiavo is regularly thought of. In 1990, Schiavo crumbled in her home from heart failure, enduring gigantic cerebrum harm; following a couple of months in the emergency clinic, she was viewed as in a vegetative state, totally ignorant of anything around her, despite the fact that she would sporadically react to specific upgrades. She stayed in a coma for a couple of years, experiencing different treatments with the expectation that she could be taken back to a condition of mindfulness. After eight years, when there was no sign or any expectation of progress, her better half spoke to make them feed tube evacuated, which would at last end her life. Schiavo’s antagonized guardians didn't concur with this, and a fight followed. The contention for the sake of Schiavo’s guardians was that Schiavo was as yet cognizant, while her husband’s contention was that she was unconscious of anything going on and she never would come out of this state. It was silly to keep her alive on the grounds that she could always be unable to appreciate life. In reality, no other alternative would exist for her but to be confined to bed and joined to cylinders to keep her alive. This was another

Knowing Your Audience When Choosing a Magazine Topic

Knowing Your Audience When Choosing a Magazine Topic There are as many magazines as there are special interests and nowhere is this more evident than the magazine racks of your local major bookseller. You can find magazines about gardens, magazines about guns, magazines about guns and gardens, and just about everything in between. So if youre a freelance writer, how do you get your foot in the door of an industry with such a wide variety of published topics and actually make good money at it?The answer is simple: find an audience you know well and write for them.Knowing your audience is one of the top qualifications for writing for a particular magazineâ€"right up there with being a decent writer. If you know the audience, everything concerning voice, tone and content will fall into place naturally for you.Below are the primary considerations you should make when choosing the audience for which you want to write, and the concepts you should keep in mind when choosing a topic, tone and writing style for that audience.DemographicsDemogra phics play a major role in many magazines success or failure. Without the right demographics in a publications readership, the magazine risks failure from the onset. Thats why marketers for the magazines advertising sales will be focusing on demographics before the magazines first issue even goes to print.Demographics concentrate on the age, location, marital status, income level, education level and even racial profile of the magazines readership. With ads targeting a particular demographic (for example, college-educated, professional, single African American women), the magazine can ensure that those ads reach the right audience through careful attention to content that will attract that demographics interest. Editors are less likely to accept content that might not appeal to the magazines readership for this reason aloneâ€"its truly all about money and it has to be. Without the ad sales to companies wishing to target a particular demographic, most magazines cant stay afloat finan cially. Its all a simple matter of numbers and audience appeal, regardless of how riveting your content might be.TrendsFocusing on trends within a particular demographic is a great way to determine the type of content the editor of a magazine would be most likely to accept and approve for publication. One easy way to do this is to find a magazine that contains ads and content focused on your own demographic, whatever that might be. No one is better aware of demographic trends than a person within that demographic, because you know what interests you and your friends. You know what your demographic is doing, talking about, tweeting about, posting about or passing time with on a day-to-day basis. That knowledge gives you the unique qualification of writing for your own demographic effortlessly.For this reason, many freelancers begin their search for publishing venues by querying the magazines they read, themselves. This puts you in a unique place of knowing the content and knowing the audience well, since you have been reading the magazine for some time and are familiar with the type of articles they tend to run.However, the downside to this is that focusing on a magazine with a large, established readership makes querying more difficult. Such magazine editors receive hundreds of queries per day and yours will inevitably end up at the bottom of a line of emails or a stack of mail that might not be answered quickly. A delay like that is enough to put the damper on any freelance writers dream of being published in a magazine, which brings us to the third point…Size mattersIf you take a moment to look at the magazines provided for free at local restaurants or grocery stores, youre likely to find a few upstart regional magazines that have a broader demographic readership base and are more willing to answer your query quickly. These smaller publications often pay freelancers a reasonable rate, although it might not be quite as high as the larger publications pay.If you are seeking a way to get published often and build a portfolio, however, the smaller publications are just the ticket. The editors running them are often more willing to hire local and a few feature assignments could easily turn into a steady gig writing a regular column or section for these types of magazines. The demographic focus is almost always broad (an audience within your region), so you already know what that audience wants to read.This should in no way keep you from querying the big guys. Youll still have the opportunity to focus on your dream of being published in a national or international publication, even if youre writing more for a small, regional one. In fact, if you go this route, youll have a lot more publishing credit under your belt when querying the larger magazines and a lot more experience with the process, allowing you to fine-tune your skills and eventually get published in the magazines you prefer.Grow with your audienceThe most significant factor you ll discover about choosing the right audience is that as a freelance writer, youll tend to grow with your audience if you focus on the right things. If there is a particular topic that your expertise particularly shines in, keep writing about that topic and submitting your writing to magazines, even the smaller, regional ones. If no magazine wants the article, start a blog and place those articles there, allowing it to be a sort of personal interest portfolio space for you that shows your most quality writing. Youll find that time spent writing those pieces is not wasted, regardless of where it is published, and you will start to gather a growing audience that is also interested in that niche topicâ€"even if its through a blog. This same audience will be anxious to read anything you write and isnt that the point of writing in the first place?

Corporations And Corporate Social Responsibility - 1140 Words

ÃŽ » Introduction With the development of economy and society, large corporations not only have responsible for make profit to their shareholders, but also taking environmentally responsible and undertaking corresponding social responsibilities as well as other stakeholders. This point of view could be involve in the corporate social responsibility (King and Lawley, 2013). Additionally, the definition of stakeholders are individuals or groups which affected by an organization and have an interest in its activities (Freeman, 1984). Moreover, Starik (1994) stated that those who potentially have impact on an organization may also is a stakeholder. However, according to Lynch (2006) argued that when a corporation involve many stakeholders, they†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, separation between ownership and control in a large corporation will cause conflict between the interests of owners and directors (Jensen and Meckling, 1978). For example, Sunbeam, which is a manufacturer of small ba ckyard and kitchen appliances had an accounting fraud in 1996 due to Dunlap, A. J. who is the CEO at Sunbeam corporation overstated revenue by  £62 million almost 33% of sales. This scandal caused Sunbeam filed for bankruptcy in 2001 because they can not cover the huge accounting fraud (BBC, 2005). Moreover, CNN NEWS (2001) also reported that Dunlap as a president was dismissed from Nitec Paper Corporation in 1976 and confronted with similar fraud allegations, â€Å"accused by the company’s owner of overstating inventory, fabricating sales and covering up a loss of $5.5 million.† These examples show that although not every large corporation’s executive directors will abuse their power to cover poor company performance and caused the damage of profit of other stakeholders, large corporations are more complex than limited company, thus they are easier be exploited by those who have power to control the company. ÃŽ » Suppliers Suppliers have a mutual relationship with corporations in a

Hate Crimes, By Nelson Mandela - 1393 Words

Hate crimes consist of actions done against individuals or groups of people as a result of prejudice attitudes. These prejudices are based on race, religion, ethnicity or sexual orientation. Some crimes even go so far as to display actions against gender or physical and mental abilities (McDevitt, J., Levin, J., Bennett, S, 2002). As Nelson Mandela stated, a hateful attitude against others must be learned (Brainz, n.d.). Hate crimes are a learned attitude of prejudice against others because of their differences. Additionally, research shows that hate crimes not only occur because of external and internal reasons, but also because an individual or group of people feel the need to satisfy their thrill seeking drives. INTERNAL REASONS TO COMMIT HATE CRIMES People are known to commit hate crimes because of internal reasons (Forscher, Cox, Graetz Devine, 2015). Many times the perpetrators solely believe their view is correct, and act on their beliefs in violent manners to enforce their opinions. Personal values are often one of the reasons to express prejudice, such as mission offenders who intend to heal the world of any evil. In our world today, 70 percent of all hate crimes are related to race (Perry, 2002). Perry (2002) mentions that she sees racially motivated violence as a common way to prove racial identity compared to the victim. Society is still acting on the idea that white people have more privileges than those of different origins. Our society has grown up with,Show MoreRelatedShort Summary Of Nelson Mandela s Long Walk On Freedom 2483 Words   |  10 PagesElon Fiol May 13, 2015 â€Å"Long Walk to Freedom† â€Å"I hate race discrimination most intensely and in all its manifestations. I have fought it all during my life; I fight it now, and will do so until the end of my days.† Nelson Mandela. 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Glacier Melt Free Essays

string(55) " attachment and desire for material and social status\." This presents a significant dilemma to both the local populations that depend on seasonal melt eater from the glaciers, and to billions of people in adjacent plateaus whose rivers are directly fed from said glaciers. This also creates a difficult moral predicament for the industrialized countries that are largely to blame due to their high contribution of greenhouse gases. These mountain populations have had very little impact in comparison, yet they stand to suffer the most since they generally do not posses the resources to cope with such a major potential water shortage In their remote locations. We will write a custom essay sample on Glacier Melt or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus, in principle, heavily industrialized economies will be responsible for telling a basic human right, freshwater, from these people. This paper will analyze in detail the extent of the damage the melting of these glaciers could have and the necessary response needed by the global community to address climate change. In particular, I will examine the potential effect the proliferation of Buddhism could have In addressing these problems on a global scale and in considering our own responsibility to the planet. We find that through Buddhism a transformation could be made away from the modern consumerist culture, and a greater sense of obligation to the environment could be instilled, but to suggest that the religion is inherently the solution to our ecological crisis would be illegitimate. By 2000 there were more than 1. 1 billion people Inhabiting mountainous regions across the world, with approximately 90% of this population living In developing and translator countries that are vulnerable to food and water Insecurity. For the purpose of this essay I will focus on the Himalayas and adjacent ranges, a primarily Buddhist area that is the most extensively inhabited range above mm in the worlds. A combination of poverty and remoteness make this region an already official place to live with poor medical support and available education systems. Cities and villages throughout the Himalayas depend heavily on their natural environment for their economies and livelihood. In particular Inhabitants of Nepal face widespread poverty with the World Bank estimating that 82. % of the population lives on less then $2 per day. The poverty index for rural areas that depend on subsistence agriculture is much lower than those in urban towns who benefit from tourism. A heavy dependence on these two sectors â€Å"make Napalm’s economy very sensitive to climate variability’2. Nevertheless freshwater has almost always been abundant In the past. The southeasterly monsoon system provides approximately While fee ding the rivers, the monsoons also play a pivotal role in growing the glaciers as it falls as solid precipitation at higher elevations. These glaciers become massive reservoirs of freshwater that then become integral in providing a perennial water source during the dry winter months. They also act to regulate the water runoff from the mountain to the plains during these periods, and are thus instrumental in securing agricultural productivity and the livelihoods for millions of peoples. Should climate change continue along its forecasted trend and widespread degeneration occur the consequences will be widespread. Rising temperatures will continue to result in snow melting earlier and faster in the spring shifting the timing and distribution of the runoff. The projections show â€Å"a regression of the maximum stream-flow period in the annual cycle of approximately 30 days†2, with an increase in the glacial runoff during the shortened period of 33% to 38%2. This excessive melting will likely result in flash floods, and increase the unique risk of glacial lake outbursts in the region. Glacial lakes form at the lower altitude end of a glacier as it retreats in unstable mounds of deposited rock. If sudden floods occur there is a high risk of these natural dams collapsing resulting in excessive damaged. The consequences will, however, not be limited to the mountain communities. Across the adjacent plateau hundreds of millions of people depend on major rivers such as the Ganges, Yawning, and Indus, which are all fed by these glaciers. During the dry season the â€Å"low flow contribution of Naples rivers to the Ganges could be as high as 70%†4. While in China, 23% of the population resides in the western regions where Alicia melt provides the principal dry season source or waters. Widespread degeneration will completely alter the hydrological characteristics of these rivers. Complications will be diverse. Power shortages could become common due to the lack of hydro-generated electricity. There will be major health risks from disease and lack of water and food, and a completely altered ecosystem, as the changes in stream flow will change food chains from the basic insects and invertebrates pup. For many of these land-locked countries that are isolated in rugged terrain providing aid will be difficult and costly. Changes are needed now on the world stage to prevent such a situation from developing. In dealing with our current ecological crisis, and in particular climate change, it is fundamental that we first address the problem from its root source. Anthropogenic climate change has occurred as a direct result of our burning of fossil fuels to promote the growth of a consumer based economy. Our consumption levels per capita, and especially in industrialized nations, are way above sustainable levels. We eat too much, we buy too much that we eventually throw into garbage landfills, and e use too much energy through a variety of manufacturing processes. It is in this regard that an adoption of Buddhist principles would benefit the world. Buddha, originally known as Shattered Guatemala, personifies this ideal of limiting consumption. He was a prince who left home and rejected his material riches when he was 29 in search of true enlightenment. Buddhism views the western consumer- based economy and outlook on happiness as incorrect. Instead the religion states accumulation is actually a source of suffering†6. According to the latter two of the Noble Truths, the best way for a person to escape their suffering is to free themselves from any attachment and desire for material and social status. You read "Glacier Melt" in category "Papers" Along with the four Noble Truths and the Eight-Fold path, the teachings of Buddha often contain an element of the need to escape greed. In the realms of rebirth it is thought one can be born below a human as a Pretax, or hungry ghosts . These beings could be seen as those overcome with greed, and who can never satisfy their need to consume. Many echo-Buddhists would associate this thought to the state of consumerism that has grasped so much of the world. Thus Buddhism is fundamentally opposite to the positive correlation associated between economic output and welfare as adopted in mainstream Western thought. One of the most difficult aspects in addressing the challenges climate change brings is generating a feeling of responsibility. In many monastic rules there is no offence if a person’s action was â€Å"unintentional, for one who lacks mindfulness†7. This is the case for much of the developed world. Many people go along with their daily lives without much thought to the consequences. Burning fossil fuel seems innocuous, however there are major consequences. By living in this manner we become responsible for the degeneration and resulting effects. The main offence being that by unintentionally melting the glaciers we are depriving other people of a basic human right and necessity: access to clean freshwater. Buddhism excuses offences if performed through absentmindedness, such as using water with life forms to nourish plants. What is more important is the root of the deed, in this case being greed for a materialistic and comfortable life. As the Threading monk Euthanasia explains, there are unintentional acts with damaging consequences that expose carelessness and lack of circumspection in areas where a person may reasonably be held responsible†7. We are not intentionally melting the glaciers and depriving people of a basic human right, it is an unintentional byproduct of our industrial activity. However the lack of awareness and mindfulness shown by industrialized economies puts us at fault, and provides us with a responsibility to change and aid those we have harmed. Particularly in this age when so many of the effects of climate change are widely broadcasted to the public, living the same style of lives becomes inexcusable. We are no longer mindless but instead bystanders. It is in this field that Buddhist thought is important to instill a sense of wrongdoing and thus responsibility in the public. Buddhist texts often depict how our morality influences the state of the environment, and that humans cannot ignore the affect of their actions. The Goanna Status gives a depiction of the initial development of life, with divine beings falling from their prior state. These beings over consume from their environment and become lazy in a very similar manner to humans. They learn to value possession and the beautiful beings become conceited and arrogant. They consume more and more from the earth making their environment less fruitful. They are not intentionally harming the earth but their actions brought upon by greed and laziness brings them suffering. Other annoyed. Often as a reaction the stars will â€Å"go wrong in their course† and the wind will â€Å"blow wrong, out of season†7. In light of climate change this view has backing. Many Buddhists believe that the world has seen a â€Å"gradual decline in morality and spirituality’7. Whilst this does not address the problem directly it does examine that the root of the crisis is from our moral orientation. So often societies are fixated on the ideology of progress through economic developments. This entails a promotion of consumerism and in turn production, which puts a strain on the environment. Society encourages the idea that those who are able to consume at the highest material value are deemed to have achieved success. In particular Buddhism would condone this view and the morals people adopt to achieve this material wealth. Buddha himself states that it is only by â€Å"the destruction of these, the not lusting for these, it is by the cessation of, the giving up of, the utter surrender of these things hat the heart is called fully freed†3. A change in morals and outlook away from economic growth towards a principle such as Gross National Happiness as adopted in Bhutan would arguably put less emphasis on sheer production and less strain on the natural world. Along with its condemnation of consumerism, and approach to responsibility and moral code, a fundamental component of Buddhism that can aid the world in reforming its practices is its ideal of interdependence. We have made the mistake of separating from each other, and most importantly from the natural world that sustain us. As Stephen Batcher puts it â€Å"we fail to recognize them for what they are: part of us as we are of them†7. Throughout Buddhist texts there is a constant theme of this relationship. At the physical level there is the idea that we all survive through an exchange of the four basic elements: earth, fire, water, and air. Thus promoting respect for the components we depend on. On the spiritual level it is believed that through the â€Å"process of taking birth, one is kin to all wild and domestic animals, birds, and beings born of the womb†l . Buddhism shows a greater level of appreciation for all that is Samara and the importance of the connection between all living things. This is exemplified in the Wadded Stark in which the danger of disrupting the natural order of an ecosystem is embodied. The Jungle cats over consumed and brought an imbalance to the ecosystem, which was subsequently corrected by the trees . However humans then cut down the trees without a full understanding of the implications. This is a valuable lesson and principle to be adopted. It emphasizes how important it is to recognize our dependence on the environment and how removing or altering one component can bring the entire yester out of harmony. We see this in the relationship with carbon dioxide concentrations and the diverse implications including the melting glaciers. A greater appreciation for the connection between humans and the earth’s systems would theoretically lead to more responsible stewardship of our resources and for other life. Theoretically a society that embraced Buddhism in its’ reformation of social and economic institutions and beliefs would â€Å"greatly reduce the drivers that currently religion is the answer is simply the easy way out that would avoid direct confrontation with the problems we have created. Buddha middle path is a good starting place for the changes needed too address the roots of climate change, however there are components of the ideology that would hamper progress and environmental action. Fundamentally, Buddhism â€Å"Nirvana teleology’8 makes major environmental concern seem pointless. If the focus for a Buddhist is to achieve enlightenment and be liberated from Samara then it is possible that there will be an absence of concern for tit. This impermanence could â€Å"render the world devoid of sustainability’8 and leave us carefree from the challenges we face such as dealing with degeneration. Furthermore, as mentioned previously, one of the central principles of Buddhism is to free oneself from attachment. This largely applies to material wealth but would not be beneficial when we are in need of greater attachment to the natural world. This attachment cannot Just be to the financial value of resources, but to entire ecosystems and all beings even if they don’t directly benefit us. Throughout Buddhism ideologies arise pertaining to our interconnectedness and responsibility to nature, but the religion is more concerned with its instrumental value rather than purely its intrinsic . Nature is often thought of as a tool and the best setting for one to attain enlightenment. Many of the religion’s most famous figures have searched for enlightenment in nature’s most spectacular locations, such as Para Tasting in Bhutan. Conversely our view of nature as an instrument from which to benefit from is arguably a primary source for our current situation. Therefore one cannot claim Buddhism is inherently echo-friendly. The disappearance of Himalayan glaciers is one of a number of serious issues threatening our planet as a direct result of anthropogenic climate change. The science has become too irrefutable and the knowledge has been broadcasted so biblically that we have the moral obligation to reform our social and economic organizations. As the Dalai Lama explains â€Å"human use, population, and technology have reached that certain stage where Mother Earth no longer accepts our presence with silence†7. In providing a solution, an adoption of Buddhist ethics would be beneficial in shaping our root beliefs towards a lack of attachment to material wealth, responsibility to the environment, and interconnectedness with all beings of this planet. However the principles of the religion are not enough since it places too much of an emphasis on detachment and pacifism. How to cite Glacier Melt, Papers

Social, Economical, And Political Effects Of World War I Essays

Social, Economical, and Political Effects of World War I "Everywhere in the world was heard the sound of things breaking." Advanced European societies could not support long wars or so many thought prior to World War I. They were right in a way. The societies could not support a long war unchanged. The First World War left no aspect of European civilization untouched as pre-war governments were transformed to fight total war. The war metamorphed Europe socially, politicaly, economically, and intellectualy. European countries channeled all of their resources into total war which resulted in enormous social change. The result of working together for a common goal seemed to be unifying European societies. Death knocked down all barriers between people. All belligerents had enacted some form of a selective service which levelled classes in many ways. Wartime scarcities made luxury an impossibility and unfavorable. Reflecting this, clothing became uniform and utilitarian. Europeans would never again dress in fancy, elaborate costumes. Uniforms led the way in clothing change. The bright blue-and-red prewar French infantry uniforms had been changed after the first few months of the war, since they made whoever wore them into excellent targets for machine guns. Women's skirts rose above the ankle permanently and women became more of a part of society than ever. They undertook a variety of jobs previously held by men. They were now a part of clerical, secretarial work, and teaching. They were also more widely employed in industrial jobs. By 1918, 37.6 percent of the work force in the Krupp armaments firm in Germany was female. In England the proportion of women works rose strikingly in public transport (for example, from 18,000 to 117,000 bus conductors), banking (9,500 to 63,700), and commerce (505,000 to 934,000). Many restrictions on women disappeared during the war. It became acceptable for young, employed, single middle-class women to have their own apartments, to go out without chaperones, and to smoke in public. It was only a matter of time before women received the right to vote in many belligerent countries. Strong forces were shaping the power and legal status of labor unions, too. The right of workers to organize was relatively new, about half a century. Employers fought to keep union organizers out of their plants and armed force was often used against striking workers. The universal rallying of workers towards their flag at the beginning of the war led to wider acceptance of unions. It was more of a bureaucratic route than a parliamentary route that integrated organized labor into government, however. A long war was not possible without complete cooperation of the workers with respect to putting in longers hours and increasing productivity. Strike activity had reached its highest levels in history just before the war. There had been over 1,500 diffent work stoppages in France and 3,000 in Germany during 1910. More than a million British workers stopped at one time or another in 1912. In Britain, France, and Germany, deals were struck between unions and government to eliminate strikes and less favorable work conditions in exchange for immediate integration into the government process. This integration was at the cost of having to act more as managers of labor than as the voice of the labor. Suddenly, the strikes stopped during the first year of the war. Soon the enthusiasm died down, though. The revival of strike activity in 1916 shows that the social peace was already wearing thin. Work stoppages and the number of people on strike in France quadrupled in 1916 compared to 1915. In Germany, in May 1916, 50,000 Berlin works held a three-day walkout to protest the arrest of the pacifist Karl Liebknecht. By the end of the war most had rejected the government offer of being integrated in the beaurocracy, but not without playing an important public role and gaining some advantages such as collective bargaining. The war may have had a leveling effect in many ways, but it also sharpened some social differences and conflicts. Soldiers were revolting just like workers: They [soldiers] were no longer willing to sacrifice their lives when shirkers at home were earning all the money, tkaing, the women around in cars, cornering all the best jobs, and while so many profiteers were waxing rich.