Engineering codes of ethics, case scenarios, and societies that enforce them Essay Example for Free

engineering codes of moral philosophy, case scenarios, and societies that enforce them EssayEthics trick be defined as a branch within the wider field of ism whose main concern is addressing the issue of morality. Morality as a concept seeks to justify work ons as good or bad, right or wrong and whether much(prenominal) actions atomic number 18 justified and virtuous. Ethics in itself is divided into many categories which normally vary to suit the issue at hand. From a general perspective, ethics canister be widely grouped into theoretical and practical ethics. The theoretical aspect is concerned with theoretical meanings of moral propositions and the manner in which their truth values can be ascertained. The practical aspect of ethics seeks to address the possibility of achieving moral outcomes in a given situation (Luegenbiehl, 2003). Engineering ethics in this consideration is part of applied ethics that is skewed towards the examination and the setting of standards co ncerning the duty of an engineer to the general public, how they should attend to their clients, their duty to their employer, and their obligation towards enhancing and maintaining the moral integrity of the shape profession. Engineering as a profession is very diverse in terms of the possible branches one can venture into.This diversity put to work whatsoever of the engineering fields sh ar only very limited principles. While most of these disciplines tend to complement each other, these engineers are bound to work in different environments. As much(prenominal) there can non be a unifying code of ethics for the whole engineering fraternity. Ethical codes in this profession are largely dependent on the exact field of specialization and the jurisdiction of practice. Another factor that comes into play is whether an engineer is providing consultancy service to his clients or the engineer is an employee of a given manufacturing enterprise (Colby Sullivan, 2008).In most countries , the engineers who attend to their clients are normally referred to as master copy engineers and are usually licensed. They abide by codes that ensure paid ethics and to a larger extent governed by a number of statutes. Their counterparts who practice in the manufacturing industry nurse to abide by certain laws, chance on among them being whistle blowing and also the law of product liability. Their practice leans more towards business ethics as compared to engineering ethics.Professional engineers are usually in private practice and are always responsible for drafting some of the codes of ethics that govern their profession. Engineers who practice in the industrial sector do not enjoy accreditation by the relevant government agencies. It is an arguable fact that despite the field and sector of practice, these engineers face similar ethical issues. Similar in the nose out that they share the same root causes but only change slightly in form depending on the discipline and the s ector of practice (Luegenbiehl, 2003).Engineering societies pay off for a long time drafted their own codes of ethics. These codes of ethics have undergone a series of refinement over time in a bid to make them more viable to overcoming ethical issues. such(prenominal) codes of ethics usually act as general guidelines since ethical issues are very diverse and as such some of these codes have to be adjusted to suit the situation at hand. In the United Kingdom, a notable example is the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE), which chose to contain its ethical codes into the standards of conduct.The code of ethics in engineering basically seeks to ensure the wellbeing of the public, the clients in the case of a captain engineer, the employer for the engineers who practice in the industry, and for the sweetener of the moral integrity of the engineering profession (Colby Sullivan, 2008). Any engineering profession is susceptible to a number of risks some of which may be detrimental to a wider section of the population. With this risk in mind, the first aim of an engineer is to ensure the safety and health, not only of the general public but also for themselves and their workmates.Engineers are required to subscribe to principles that ensure sustainable development in the course of their undertakings. Since the engineering profession is very diverse, an engineer who may be very effective in his field of specialization may not be able to achieve much in another line of engineering. For most of the engineering societies roughly the world, there are basic ethical codes that they seem to share in normal. A code of ethics in the field of engineering always restricts engineers to pegleg to their areas of specialization. This is to avoid exposing himself and the general public to the imminent danger.An engineer is required to speak the truth on the technical aspects of a job and maintain a professional relationship with the employer or his client. Conflict of interes t is a sure way to compromise and as such should always be avoided by an engineer. An engineer is alleged(a) to safeguard the integrity and the interest of the engineering profession. In as much as an engineer is supposed to advance career wise, they have an obligation of ensuring professional growth for their juniors. According to the law of whistle blowing, an engineer is more obliged to safety than he is to the client or to his employer.This law requires the engineer to report cases where their employers or clients fail to follow their directions and in the process are exposing the public to potential danger. In some instances, some the relevant authorities fail to take action and this may end up in the engineer going public (Luegenbiehl, 2003). The most notable cases of disaster in the field of engineering have been caused by both technical and ethical issues. While some of these accidents have been due to technical aspects and design inadequacies, others have been due to ineff icient management culture.Some of the cases that have been established to have an ethical dimension on their occurrence include the Chernobyl disaster, Bhopal disaster, Boston molasses accident, Johnstown Flood, just to mention but a few (Pfatteicher, 2001). Chernobyl disaster was an calamity that took place in Ukraine, and it involved the meltdown in a nuclear reactor plant. This accident was to a larger extent blamed on benignant error. The personnel were blamed for using a limited operational reactivity margin. The disaster caused to the people living within the neighbourhood was immense in soberness and most of the effects were of a long term nature.The mental health of the people was extremely affected cases of cancer were later reported to be uncontrolled in the area. All these effects came about due to the irradiation of the area by radioactive material. The workers were also affected with more than thirty losing their lives within a span of three months from the time of occurrence of the disaster. An advisory group that was later formed to look into the cause of this disaster blamed the people who were responsible for the design of the power plant.They failed to consider certain pertinent aspects of the design which could have prevented such an occurrence or which could have ensured that the accident did not proceed to reach the direct it did. It was realized that in the course of preparation and subsequent testing of turbine generators, it was done without the incorporation of systems that were responsible for technical protection. This was viewed to have been a breach of the safety provisions that were required for the actual technical exercise (Pfatteicher, 2001).Some of the most outstanding organizations that are concerned with engineering ethics include the Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE) in the United Kingdom, the Canadian Society for Professional Engineers, and the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) which have been seen to be championing for the upholding of ethical practices within the engineering field. The reasons for their establishments are to ensure that engineers in private practice, the government and in the manufacturing sector are able to subscribe to a common code of ethics within a given jurisdiction.Such bodies have certain punitive measures to their members in cases where ethics appear to have been sidelined in making decisions. To ensure that engineers adhere to such codes set by these organizations, it is authorization to be registered with certain bodies within given jurisdictions to practice as an engineer (Haws, 2001). There has been a general drift towards formulating an all encompassing code of ethics for all engineers throughout the world. This has been noted by the fact that the codes formulated by most societies throughout the world appear to be having certain similarities.While this appears to be a very noble idea, some room and allowances will have to be allowed to accomm odate the different cultures in the world. It is deemed that developing a set of common ethical codes and supplementing it with additional entries that regard the cultural setting and the exact field of specialization within engineering. The codes should be set out in such a manner that no confusion can be reported within a given jurisdiction (Luegenbiehl, 2003). References Colby, A. , Sullivan, W. M. 2008, Ethics Teaching in Undergraduate Engineering Education. Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 97. Haws, D. R. 2001, Ethics Instruction in Engineering Education a (Mini) Meta-analysis. Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 90. Luegenbiehl, H. C. 2003, Themes for an International Code of Engineering Ethics. Retrieved on 9th February 2010, from http//www. asee. org/conferences/ worldwide/papers/upload/Themes-for-Int-l-Code-of-Eng-Ethics. pdf . Pfatteicher, S. K. , 2001, Teaching Vs. Preaching Ec2000 and the Engineering Ethics Dilemma. Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 90.

Novel effect Essay Example for Free

Novel solvent EssayI think Mary Shelley used wording to develop lots of glory in chapter fivesome, I think this is because this huge condition up of atmosphere makes you read faster and faster, and makes you want to read to a greater extent. She uses more long, complex sentences, such as Delighted and surprised, I embraced her but as I imprinted the first kiss on her lips, they became livid with the hue of death her features appeargond to change, and I thought that I held the corpse of my dead mother in my arms a shroud enveloped her form, and I saw the grave-worms crawling in the folds of the flannel, this creates tension, giving the sassy more effect. As she has used so many a(prenominal) long complex sentences, many commas and semi-colons are used, this makes the reader pause a lot whilst reading, giving the effect of many short sentences, embedded into long, complex ones. As well as these sentences, she also uses many short sentences, and all of these changes lead you to read faster, which creates more tension. An warning of one of the short sentences used is Beautiful Another way Mary Shelley may have wanted to create atmosphere is by using many powerful adjectives such as dreary, and miserable. Words resembling these also give the effect of imagery, as well as creating huge amounts of atmosphere.Many other phrases in the book also help build atmosphere, many of which are things Frankenstein says, often about his monster. Examples of this are miserable monster, and wretch. I think Mary Shelly also created atmosphere another way, without the reader even realising she is trying to. In the original, many archaic words and phrases are used, like lassitude, and I beheld the accomplishment of my toils. These words and phrases vitrine the gothic horror style the novel is written in, and help build up atmosphere. They also give the impression something spooky is going on, as they dont endure like words we would use today. Also, naturally, people are scared of things that are unfamiliar, and Mary Shelley may have used these archaic words to give the book more of a spooky effect.I feel that chapter five links to the key themes in the novel, and I think the main one is the fact that Mary Shelley may have been hinting in her novel, that you cant play god, and in chapter five, that is what Frankenstein is obsessed with doing. His friend, Henry, also notices this, and states I did not before remark how very(prenominal) ill you appear so thin and pale you look as if you had been watching for several nights. This implies that Frankenstein is an extremely obsessive character, and that he exit not hiatus, until he has fulfilled his goal, creating biography (playing god). The rest of the novel is about how Frankensteins desperation for power, comes back to haunt him. I also feel that chapter five links in with the key theme in the novel in another way.Whilst taking about her novel, Mary Shelley said Frightful must it be for supre mely frightful would be the effect of any kind endeavour to mock the stupendous mechanism of the Creator of the world. I feel that the meaning of this phrase, is that she is saying only god should have the power over life and death, and anyone who tries to defy him (by creating life), should be scared, as he will not accept it, and punish the person who defied his right. I think that in her story, she was subliminally hinting this, as she constantly refers to god. When Frankenstein is run away from the monster, the night it is created, he sees the steeple, its white steeple, and many other hints are also made.She could be hinting that straight after the monster is created, god has planned what will happen next. Furthermore, this shows that in the nineteenth century people were extremely religious, and took care about what they did, as they did not want god to punish them for their actions. Also, the phrase bang up a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet, is s tating that he is going to use electricity of some kind, to bring the thing, to life.This relates to galvanism, which is the process of lead charges of electricity through dead animals and trying to bring them back to life, in actual fact, the charges were incisively making the muscles of the dead animal spasm. So the phrase shows that in the 19th century, many people were trying to bring dead things back to life. Mary Shelley got the cerebration of using lightning to bring the monster back to life from Luigi Galvanis idea of galvanism, we know this because as well as overhearing her husband and Lord Byron talking about it, she was also very up to date with scientific experiments at the time.Furthermore, chapter five also gives us a better understanding of 19th century prose. The words and phrases in chapter five, are typical of 19th century language, for example, the phrase eternal pains and care I had endeavoured to form, is a phrase we would not use nowadays. Phrases such as this tell us that in the 19th century, writers would write in a much more formal style. I think that this is because in the 19th century, anyone who could read and write would be from an extremely wealthy family, and books were written to suit their style of language, not for the middle class. Another example of a 19th century word is countenance (another word for face), at present time, people are always looking to find abbreviations, so they can communicate faster, however, words like countenance are much longer, and more suited to the formal 19th century style of literature.From chapter five, we can also learn that in the 19th century, writers would use lots of powerful adjectives, and 19th century works would be very descriptive, with lots of imagery. Examples of powerful descriptive phrases, and adjectives are grave-worms crawling, and demonical. These words add lots of atmosphere to the story, and there is a strong use of imagery. The final thing I have learned about 19th cent ury prose from chapter five is the use of colons and semi colons.Mary Shelley uses many semi colons and commas in the novel, and her use of commas and semi colons allows her to build atmosphere using long and complex sentences, and then often rapidly switch to a short one, for example I took refuge in the courtyard belonging to the house which I inhabited where I remained during the rest of the night, walking up and down in the greatest agitation, listening attentively, catching and fearing each sound as if it were to announce the approach of the demoniacal corpse to which I had so miserably given life, then, the first sentence in the next paragraph is just the word Oh This shows that in the 19th century, very often, some people would use commas and semi colons often, instead of full stops.

The Benefits Of A Multi Sensory Approach

The Benefits Of A Multi Sensory ApproachR. Q. 3 What will be the figures of the cardinal t separatelyers with respect to the practicality or continued intent of the multi-sensory approach based on the results of the running play scores after the completion of this theater of operations?Teachers views on the benefits of a multi-sensory Approach to that of a handed-down Approach.The researcher first starts with the perspectives of the three teachers who states that by tapping into the opposite senses, educators can create a more than concrete and complete study experience for all learners. instruction education concepts employ two or more of modalities or scholarship styles at the same time, means that teachers atomic number 18 delivering a multisensory approach to all students in their classrooms. It is the observation of these teachers that as educators some of us may think or feel that multisensory methods or approaches are only intakeful for students with special ne eds, however, research has shown that approximately all students and teachers can gain great benefits from a multisensory approach in the teaching and learning play.Whats more is that research has also shown that once teachers are using a multisensory approach to learning they are ensuring and organiseing all learning styles and needs of their students. Thus one can be sure that every student in his or her classroom is specifically catered for or to.It is also the view of both the researcher and teachers in this study that all students benefit from a multisensory approach to learning, not just special education students. Every child processes information differently, and this teaching method allows for each child to use a variety of their senses to understand and process information. The three Teachers also stated that by providing classroom activities that utilize various senses, they have notice that their students learning attention increases which makes and caters for an opti mal learning environment.Research shows that by using varying teaching strategies teachers can carry on all sensory electence and increases learning regardless of the individual students primary preference (Thomas, Cox Kojima, 2000). some other research also shows that by using multisensory strategies, teachers can engage and sustain the attention of all students. By employing a variety of strategies the teacher may address the mixed efficiencies of those students as well as the dominant and subaltern preferences of others. Thus, they reinforce strong preferences and strengthen weaker ones (Silver et al., 2000Haggart 2003).Key benefits of the multisensory approach are noted by the three teachers and researcherIncreased learner engagementGenerating a greater capacity for learningEncouraging a greater knowledge transferImproved attitudes towards learningGreater student achievementOne of the teachers in this study said to me during the interview and I quote I had a great feeling o f allayer when I began to understand that a youngster (student) needs more than just subject matter. Oh, I know mathematics well and I teach it well. I used to think that was all I needed to do. Now I teach the students, not math. The researcher notes that as teachers, we should know that students learn differently. Some prefer to learn by doing. Others like to watch a demonstration of what they need to do. Some wants to listen to what is expected. Most students appreciate a combination of methods a minuscule bit of doing it, a little bit of seeing it and a little bit of hearing it. When teachers teach using a combination of methods that appeal to different learning styles (Kinesthetic, t real(a), auditory and visual) they are using a multisensory approach which benefits all students involved by equipping them with different learning styles and catering to their development needs. trenchant teachers make a conscious effort to design instruction that incorporates a broad variety of learning preferences beyond their own (Doolan Honigfeld, 2000 Sadler-Smith Smith, 2004) Varying teaching strategies to address all sensory preferences increases learning, regardless of the individual students primary preference (Thomas, Cox, Kojima, 2000)Using multisensory strategies, teachers can engage and sustain the attention of all students.However, it is definitive to note that like approximately students remember 20% of what we read, 30% of what we hear, 40% 0f what we see, 50% of what we say, 60% of what we do and 90% of what we see, hear, say and do. Therefore, it is not al instructions possible to provide all cardinal elements but it would be useful to audit teaching approaches and consider how many elements are present all three teachers noted. maria Montessori was the pioneered of this approach (multisensory approach) in the early on twentieth century with young children, who inseparablely learn by seeing, hearing, touching/feeling, tasting, and smelling.The r esearcher and teachers feel that multisensory teaching is effective and useful at any age. However, age-appropriate resources for secondary students and adult learners have been almost impossible to source. Until now. We really do believe that multisensory teaching techniques coupled with the use of Axis Hands On resources offers all students a Better Ways to Learn.In concluding, the researcher and teachers have also noted that more recent research has shown that the more senses (multisensory approach) we incorporate into the learning process the more efficient learning becomes for all types of learners. Rhonda Farkus (2003, The Journal of Educational Research, Vol 97, No. 1) states, The power of evidence supporting the benefits of (multisensory approach) learning-style methodology is compelling. Teachers have also noted that achievement test scores of students taught using their preferred modalities in this study are statistically higher (multisensory approach) than of students who were not taught using their favored learning modalities ( traditionalistic approach). Moreover, when students are taught with multi-sensory approach instructional resources, (although initially through their most preferred modality), scores further increased.Therefore, teachers in this study have also observer that a multi-sensory approach is a powerful tool for reinforcing language Arts teaching in three important ways. First, it helps get the information across. Second, it helps the students process the information. And, third, it helps students more easily retrieve information already learned. Using a variety of senses simply opens up more doorways into the brain.Teachers views on the challenges of Multisensory ApproachesAs educators we spend a great deal of our time thinking, talking, and learning slightly how to best teach our students essential spelling, writing and reading skills. You can be sure the conversation between two or more educators will ultimately include the t opics of learning styles, multi-sensory teaching, hands-on activities and even traditional approaches. Unfortunately, confusion (and sometimes conflict) can occur when these terms are used because they have multiple and overlapping definitions.The main problem teachers may encounter is that there are too many meanings in common use for the term learning style. The original use of this term refers to the sensory pathway or modality through which students find it easiest to learn. There are four generally recognized sensory modalities visual (sight) auditory (hearing) tactile (touch) and kinesthetic (movement). It is the belief of all three teachers interviewed that it is very vital for teachers to understand that different learning style encompasses a much broader fashion at how our students approaches learning situations and tasks and this mustiness often include a complete profile of how our students functions as a learner. In addition to preferred modality, some of the areas pro filed must be optimal learning environment (such as best time of day, lighting, temperature and noise level), how his/her personality effects his motivation (such as the need for or avoidance of competition), his/her natural areas of competencies or intelligence and so on.The teachers who are part of this study feels that by tracing a playscript with the tip of ones (students) fingers or feeling the shape of the word is vital to helping the tactile learner master his/her writing, reading skills and spelling words. In this regard, adding pleasant textures or sensations creates a stronger neural impression of the words. Thus in the past, (a traditional approach) tactile and kinesthetic learners were often lumped together. However, some of the most current research on how the brain functions shows that two distinct and separate areas of the brain are responsible for storing these two types of sensory input.The researcher strongly believes that armed with such information listed above, it may be tempting to assume that teachers should determine their students favored learning mode and then teach him/her accordingly. This would be a mistake. Teaching using only one learning modality (traditional approach) could result in the neglect of important reading, writing and spelling skills. Proofreading is an example of an essential reading, spelling and writing skill that is primarily visual. It is a skill that does not come naturally to a non-visual learner. It is the teachers view in this study that is for students to become competent and excellent proofreader, we as teachers must help them to develop excellent visual discrimination skills (multisensory approach). Students must be taught to look at the whole word in isolation, with special attention to its shape or the outline of the word. He/she must also look carefully at the word syllable by syllable to see if there are any peculiar combinations of letters, unexpected spellings or any silent letters used to spell th e word. Finally, students must be given a systematic approach to proofreading his own and others writing. It is therefore, the researchers and teachers view in this study that the use of a multisensory approach and not a traditional approach will best assist and develop our students early and latent language Arts abilities which will prepare them adequately for life and the future.The teachers in this study also feel that our students dominant learning modality may also have developmental implications if not deal with in a holistic way more so in a multisensory approach. For example, very young children are known to learn mainly through auditory modalities early school-aged students (kindergarteners) tend to use more kinesthetic and concrete avenues and as a student nears adolescence, they tends to rely more and more on the abstract and analytical reasoning along with their visual recall. Skills taught using only one learning modality ( as that in the traditional approach)may need t o be retaught using another modality as students enters each new developmental level and begins to depend more on other learning modality (multisensory approach) to store and retrieve information. Teaching using (a multisensory approach) allows for multiple learning modalities which in turn eliminate inefficiency. For this reason a multisensory approach and not a traditional approach is the best technique and strategy for teaching phonetic and the alphabet awareness skills to kindergarten students.Therefore it is this researchers view that research has consistently shown that use of a multisensory approach to the teaching and learning processes are critical for all students and students more peculiar those who have moderate to severe learning disabilities. In the mid-1920s, Dr. Samuel T. Orton and his colleagues Anna Gillingham and Bessie Stillman, first began using multi-sensory approaches with his dyslexic students. Orton was influenced by Grace Fernald and Helen Kellers descripti ons of the kinesthetic methods used by Dr. Maria Montessori at the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition at San Francisco. Orton correctly theorized that Montessoris use of kinesthetic reinforcement of visual and auditory associations would correct the tendency to reverse letters and transpose the order of letters his dyslexic students made while reading and writing. Their programme, which includes multi-sensory learning as well as other important concepts, is commonly called the Orton-Gillingham approach.Teachers view on the actual implementation of Multisensory approach.In light of the positive results that this programme had produced in terms of students alphabet and phonemic awareness skills when taught using a multisensory approach in similarity to a non-multisensory approach. As a result all three teachers expressed their interest in continuing the use of the Multisensory Approach.SummaryThe focus of this chapter was the presentation of entropy collected in this study. The quantit ative, qualitative and quasi-experimental data were present using narratives, graphs tables and charts. The data revealed that the reactions to a multisensory approach from both students and teachers were generally positive.

The Operation Of The Smart System Construction Essay

The Operation Of The Smart st appraisegy Construction EssayKuala Lumpur is the capital of Malaysia and becomes a well known international city with a large result of high rise buildings. Klang River overflowed its bank and gorgeed the city which mingled with Tun Perak Bridge and Dang Wangi Bridge on 26 April 2001. Besides that, Kuala Lumpur has a very dense universe of discourse and most of the residents are driving their own vehicle to swear outs. This substantially brings a serious over-crowding especially during working hours. Government has decided to formulate the Stormwater way and Road delve ( happy) project to mitigate the flood outs and ease of calling congestion which is carried out through a joint venture pact between MMC tummy Berhad and Gamuda Berhad with the Department of Irrigation And Drainage Malaysia and the Malaysian Highway Authority.Every mega projects in the world impart undergo long process during the design phases in order to pay off a best and u nique product. SMART project also faced the same situation and it has its own uniqueness whereby it combines the wet and dry delve in a structural element. The SMART Project is an innovative solution that it swear outs a dual purpose of mitigates the floods and ease of traffic congestion at Kuala Lumpur. Generally, the SMART tunnel consist of a bypass tunnel constructed from underground from the upstream of Kang River towards Taman Desa which is about 9.7km in length. Besides that, there will be a holding watershed in Kampung Berendam, a storage reservoir at Taman Desa, a twin box culvert structure and control gates structures.SMART tunnel is constructed by victimisation the tunnel boring machine method. The tunnel is constructed into two decks motorway which is the upper deck and lower deck. Moreover, at the bottom of lower deck, there will be a place for the water to channel through the tunnel. The safety of the tunnel is consider as good because it is surrounded by close ci rcuit television, 24 hours of patrol, equipped with the necessary firefighting equipment, first aid and emergency phone in the cause of emergency happened. Other features of tunnel are good ventilation to entertain the air quality in the tunnel by using strong ventilators.This SMART tunnel wrote a new page of building technology in Malaysia by bring in a few tunneling technology much(prenominal) as tunnel boring machine. It definitely shown a new step took by the government in enhances the national transportation establishment and flood pick out as well.1.2 Problem StatementKuala Lumpur is a nerve centre for Malaysias providence and it is a capital of the Malaysia. Every year, there is an occurrence of heavy floods in this area and resulted in extensive damages. The city is also subject to traffic congestion due to the population increase in the city. In order to address the caper, government decides to build a Smart Tunnel to solve the both issue carried out through a joint venture pact between MMC Corp Berhad and Gamuda Berhad with the Department of Irrigation And Drainage Malaysia and the Malaysian Highway Authority as the performance government agencies.Smart Tunnel is serving a dual purpose which is ease of traffic congestion and mitigates the floods issue in Kuala Lumpur. However, Kuala Lumpurs SMART Tunnel is not looking so smart anymore as the there is occurrence of heavy flood at Jalan TunRazak and Kampung Baru (The Star Online, 2011).Besides that, the heavy traffic congestion in Kuala Lumpur still cannot be solve even the SMART tunnel has been constructed with its secondary function which is serve to ease the traffic fuss. In order to view better on how the SMART tunnel operates, maintain and the effectiveness of its function, it is necessary to carry out a research on how the water is diverts and how its serve to ease the traffic at Kuala Lumpur.1.3 Aim and ObjectivesTitleA Study and Evaluation of SMART Projects in MalaysiaAimTo establish the conceptual model of SMART projects in serving the dual purpose of flood mitigation and ease of road congestion.ObjectivesThe objectives of the study are(i) To ascertain the operating schema and maintenance system of SMART tunnel.(ii) To identify the effectiveness of the smart tunnel in mitigate flood and ease of traffic congestion.(iii) To study the benefits of SMART tunnel by canvas before and by and by the construction of SMART tunnel.1.4 Scope of StudyIn this research proposal, three main aspects will be cogitateed and carried out such as the operating and maintenance system of SMART Tunnel. This is mainly study on how the SMART tunnel reacts operate when there is a heavy flood and how is the maintenance system of the SMART tunnel. Besides that, an analysis on the effectiveness of the SMART tunnel will be carried out. Benefits of the SMART tunnel will be study by comparing the before and after of the construction of SMART tunnel.On the other hand, the other three aspects that will not be focus throughout the research proposal will be the management system of the SMART tunnel, the comparison on the performance of the structure under seismic load when there is an occurrence of earthquake and the construction method use in constructing SMART tunnel.1.5 Research MethodologyMethodology in a simplify precondition can be defined as a term whereby it enable the researchs goal and objectives can be achieved effectively. So, it is important that a dogmatic methodology should carry out in order to collect all the necessary and important information to get a best result for the study.Generally, the methodology of this research proposal is as followsFirst give (Literature Review)In this stage, the study will begin with the formulation of research aim, objectives and problem relation. At this early stage, several(prenominal) of the secondary data will be use as reference such as articles, reference books and newspaper. Secondary data is used in this stage in order to understand the topic thoroughly thus formulates the aim, problem statement and objectives of the research proposal.Second stage (Interview/Questionnaire/Case Study)After the formulation of aim, objectives and problem statement, other necessary information will gather from primary data. The relevant information will be acquired through primary sources such as interview, questionnaire and guinea pig study. The relevant res pocket billiardsents that have knowledge towards the topic will be interview and questionnaire approach will also be conducted by distribute a subroutine of questionnaires to the respondent to fill up.Third StageAfter collecting all the relevant data, the data will be analyse by using a analysis method to analyse whether the objective of the research has meet. The effectiveness of the SMART tunnel in mitigates the floods and ease of traffic congestion will be analysed at this stage and another method of analysis will be done by comparing the benefits b efore and after the construction of SMART tunnel. Then, the result will be presented in the proposal itself.1.6 Chapter PlannedThe research proposal mainly comprises of five chapters which as shown belowChapter 1Chapter 1 of the research proposal is meet a brief on the research proposal. In this chapter, a brief introduction of SMART tunnel will be discussed. Then the aim, objectives, problem statement and scope of study will be formulated after read through the relevant information of SMART tunnel. Besides that, research methodology, the flow of chapter and mean of chapter will also be identified at this stage. At last, a work programme will be prepared by comparing the pre-planned work and actual work done throughout the research proposal.Chapter 2The objectives that formulated in chapter 1 will be discussed more detail in this stage. In this chapter, the mode of operating and maintenance system of SMART tunnel will be study and discussed by referring to the books, journal and a rticles. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of the SMART tunnel in mitigates the flood and ease of traffic congestion will be elaborate thoroughly by referring to the articles. Then, the benefits of the SMART tunnel by comparing the before and after the construction of it will be identified and discussed at this stage.Chapter 3This chapter is mainly focus on the methodology used in preparing the research proposal. Obviously, the methodology used which is primary data. Interview and questionnaire will be conducted by interview a person who had knowledge on the SMART tunnel such as Architect, prepare and Quantity Surveying. Questionnaire will be distributed to the road users that uses SMART tunnel at least five times in a week.Chapter 4After the compendium of primary and secondary data, a detail analysis will be carried out by using the SPSS software to calculate the outcome. This will be employ to the questionnaire collected after filled up by the road users and the interview being con ducted with the Architect, Quantity Surveyor or Engineers whereas the interview will be analyse by writing it into an essay form in research proposal.Chapter 5Chapter 5 is the conclusion part prepared after the analysis of the data collected. A likely recommendation will also be produced in order to provide alternative solution to the statement as stated in Chapter 1.1.7 Summary of the marriage proposalFlow Chart 1 Summary of the proposalSource Wong Yee Vern2.1 IntroductionIn the year of 2001, Government has sort out a solution that would leave a severe flood to enter into the city without flooding or cause damage to the city centre. An idea was proposed by the Government to implement a project named SMART Project by constructing a tunnel which serve a dual purpose in mitigates the flood issue and ease of traffic congestion. The procurement method of this project is design and build contract and is carry out by a joint venture between Malaysian digging Corporation and Gamuda Sdn Bhd. Meanwhile, the concessionaire of the project is Syarikat Mengurus Air Banjir Terowong Sdn Bnd and undergoes a concession period of 40 years. The construction method of SMART tunnel is using Tunnel long-winded Machine (TBM) method and it cost around RM 1.9 billion to construct. Design of the tunnel is consider as unique as it is divided into 2 decks and the length of the tunnel is about 9.7 km with an outer diameter of 13.2m. The construction of SMART Tunnel began on 25 November 2003 and officially operates on 14 May 2007.2.2 Physical Components of Stormwater SystemThe SMART system is a sequence of storage, attenuation and regulated flow. The system diverts flood discharges from the city centre and subsequently releases them downstream while ensuring the flood problem is not transferred elsewhere (Ir. Ng Koh Hing, Ir. David N. Welch Subathra Devi Ramachandram, 2008). No overflow shall occur by ensuring the system optimizes the storage, attenuation and regulation within and ad jacent to the system. Generally the bypass system consists of intake and outlet system.Besides that, the intake and outlet system consist of a debris removal system complete with floating booms, trash standpoint and a debris removal and disposal unit. A river flow diversion system complete with a 4-bay diversion weir structure and an 8-bay offtake structure shall also be part of the intake and outlet system. Then a set of twin box culverts which gated at both end conveys the discharge from storage reservoir to Kerayong. Moreover, a holding pond will be situated at the upstream of the tunnel with a storage capacity of 600,000 cubic metres and a storage seed attenuation pond with a storage capacity of 1,400,000 cubic metres located at the downstream end of the tunnel.2.3 Operation of the SMART SystemWhen there is an event of downpour of rain, the data collected will be analysed to predict the operation mode of SMART Tunnel. For instance, when mode II is predicted by the analysis of data collected then action will be taken accordingly. Initially, this means that the defined operating rules will be operated and the sequence of operation will be displayed for observe and supervision purpose in Stormwater Control Centre (SCC) which involved the operation of various gates. The mode of operation of SMART tunnel will be subdivided into 4 modes.2.3.1 Operation Rules of SMART TunnelBefore2.3.2 musical modes of OperationThe operation of SMART tunnel and motorway is depend on the flood condition at the upstream of Klang River or Ampang River and works on four principle mode. The principle mode of operation system of SMART tunnel can be referred to figure 1.2. order IThis is the mode when the raining water is very little and traffic is allowed in the tunnel thus no diversion of water into the tunnel is required. sense modality IIThis mode is activated when the flow rate is between 70-150m3/s which means that when the flow rate of the rainwater recorded at the upstream i s between these rate, Mode II will be automatically activated. The road tunnel traffic will remain opened to the road users but the excess flood water will be diverted to the holding pond and the lower deck of the tunnel will channel the flood flow to the attenuation pond with a flow rate of 50m3/s.Mode IIIWhen there is a heavy rain fall, this mode will be activated and the flow rate is 150m3/s or more. However, the traffic is motorway is required to be close down in order to allow the water channel through the both tunnel. Under such circumstances, the tunnel will be close up to 8 hours after the rain stops to do some maintenance work.Mode IVAfter the 2 hours of declaration of Mode III, this mode will be activated if the rain water storm prolong and the road tunnel will be re-opened to the traffic only within 4 days of closure. Moreover, the tunnel will be used for channel the floods after the completion of voiding of traffic.Figure 1.2 Operation Mode of SMART tunnel

Effects of Temperature on Enzyme Amylase

Effects of Temperature on Enzyme AmylaseIntroductionEnzymatic reactions are very paramount in the body and in nature overly as they ensure that any reactions including Biological processes are hastened in order to achieve the results within the shor rise time possible. In the body, there are many enzymes and enzyme amylase is one and only(a) of the most significant as it aids in degradation of complex carbohydrates into glucose molecules which are absorbable. Apart from natural salivary amylase, there are also industrial amylases which catalyze processes at different ecological environment varying from the body environments. However, whether natural or synthetic amylase, their catalysis is affected by temperatures and they only give out maximally at optimum temperature. The following report will discuss effectuate of different range of temperatures on synthetic reactions.AimsThe aims of this practical were to investigate the effects of temperature on reaction of enzyme amylase. I n addition, the practical investigated the possibility of industrial enzyme amylase to function at higher temperatures.MaterialsThe materials and apparatus used included Spotting tile, pissing bath, test tube, starch solution amylase, iodine, and test tube rack.ProcedureTwo drops of iodine into each well put test tube. 2ml starch placed over water bath that was set at three different temperatures 40, 60, 80 degrees was allowed to remain there for 5 minutes. First tube contained 2ml of starch, second tube 4ml of amylase, and then they were meld together. Finally, was introduced into few drops of the mixture into the well already containing iodineResultsThe results obtained indicated that industrial amylase functioned well at 40 degree Celsius. Starch was degraded into glucose hence the polish of atomic number 53 changed to blue-black when the test tube containing amylase at 40 degree Celsius. However, the color of iodine remained brown after introduction of amylase enzymes heated at 60 and 80 degree respectively.DiscussionAmylase whether natural or industrial is proteins in nature. They are responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates into its smallest units called glucose. However, temperature has a very significant role in the reactions involving these enzymes . get down temperatures deactivate the reaction of enzymes while higher temperatures above optimal temperatures destroy the enzymes by denaturing them hence reducing their reactions and eventually bring it into a halt .In this practical, the industrial amylase was found to function better at 40 degree which is optimal. This therefore did not denature the enzymes nor did this temperature deactivate them. The reactions here were constant and rapid. The enzyme amylase was able to get on starch solution in the well whereby it reduced the starch into glucose. Eventually, the color of resulting iodine remained brown. This indicated that there was no starch present in the solution. tincture of iodine i s the reagent that is commonly used to test the presence of starch in a food sample. Presence of starch is portrayed by the change of Iodine color from brown to blue-blackConsequently, the amylase heated at 60 and introduced in other wells containing starch did not catalyze any reaction. This is because the high temperatures had already denaturised the enzymes and completely destroying them. This led to changes in the color of iodine from brown to blue-black since the solutions contained starch. On the other hand, the reaction at 80 degree too did not show signify degradation of starch by enzyme amylase. Therefore, the color of iodine changed to blue-black from brown as it was evident in previous reaction at 60 degree. This therefore confirmed the denaturation of enzymes by high temperatures hence acted as a confirmatory test. Industrial amylase can withstand higher temperature hence optimal temperature was beyond the 37 degree which is the maximum optimal temperature in the human body where natural amylase if found .ConclusionIn conclusion, the practical found that enzyme amylase is suitable of degrading starch at optimal temperature. Enzymes are very key in many Biological reactions which are important in the production of important and helpful products. Knowledge about the optimal requirements is paramount in enzymatic reactions since its only at necessary environment that an enzyme is able to catalyze a reaction.

Sexism in Our Society Essay -- Sexism Gender Women Men Essays

Sexism in Our SocietySexism has invariably been a major issue for women. It seems that today, everyone has to be painstaking of what they say and do so as to avoid offending someone. While everyone is busy worrying about extinguishing sexism towards women - which still is an issue that needs to be taken care of, who is concerned with sexism towards men? Sexism is just as much of an issue to men as it is to women. Many people believe that men admit advantages over women when comes to a topic such as occupation. Although this may be true, in some cases it is in fact exactly the opposite. Today?s community is so concerned with political correctness and equal rights to women that it has almost completely forgotten about equal rights to men as well. If, in a divinatory example, a man and a woman go into the same job interview for a company that was involved in a sexual bedevilment suit with a female employee some years before, and has since had trouble keeping its fema le employees, there is a very good chance that the woman applicant will get the job, even if the man may be better qualified for the position. If instead, a company was deciding between a man and a woman candidate for a promotion, and was worried about its image as a sexist industry? Not to say that men are always better-qualified than women, or always passed-over for a position or promotion because the company wants to save-face, but adversely it does happen in our culture. Granted, women are still often the unfortunate victims of sexism in today?s society, being denied a job opportunity or equal pay because of their gender or because they are thought to be for example too fragile or too emotional for the applied position. Women ... ...ough name-calling and sexist actions. Men and women are also both stereotyped and judged by their looks. A small, attractive woman is less likely to get a job in a warehouse or packing-plant than a larger, to a greater ext ent rough-looking woman, regardless of skills or qualifications. The same goes for men in such a situation an attractive man is assumed to be better suited for an office or sales job, whereas a less-attractive man would be assumed to be better at a job such as truck driving or something with manual of arms labor. Although the issue of sexism has gotten better over the years, and continues to do so, we as a culture must not neglect to realize that women are not the only sufferers of this offense. The more society focuses solely on sexism as an issue toward its women, the less it will recognize that sexism is just as much of an issue to its men.

Analysis of Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay -- Beloved Toni Morrison Lit

Analysis of Toni Morrisons BelovedToni Morrisons Pulitzer Prize winning book Beloved, is a historical novel that serves as a record for those who died during the perils of thralldom. The novel serves as a voice that speaks for the silenced reality of slaveholding for both men and women. Morrison in this novel gives a voice to those who were denied one, in tell aparticular African American women. It is a novel that rediscovers the African American arrest. The novel undermines the conventional idea of a boshs time scheme. Instead, Morrison combines the sometime(prenominal) and the present together. The book is set up as a circling of memories of the past, which continuously reoccur in the book. The past is embedded in the present, and the present has no foundation without the past. Morrison breaks up the time sequence using the visions of the past that arouse forgotten experiences and emotions. The visions of the various occurrences of slavery survive time and prevent to haunt n ot only the characters outright involved, but also their loved ones. In Beloved, Morrison makes the past visible in the present by making it into a tangible place that can be revisited, where people can be seen and touched, and where images and pictures survive and are projected outward from the mind. Morrison transforms these projected images into events for the reader to experience. The reader becomes part of the tradition of passing on the memories of the past. Yet, in the last two pages of the novel, Morrison instructs her readers that Beloved is not a story to be passed on. (275) It is not a story close happiness or healing or the success of one womans escape from slavery. Rather, Morrison communicates these images through a maze of emotions to accentuate the pain and woe go away by the remains of slavery. It is the story and the experience that Morrison wishes for the reader to remember, and not the characters. The novel is based on real events, that have past and been for gotten. Yet Morrison is not telling a story around happiness or healing or the success of women escaped from slavery. Rather Morrison delivers the past experiences of enslaved African American women, a past which is often forgotten. In the novel, Morrison brings to keep the events and the stories that become permanently imprinted on the readers conscious. Morrison communicates these images through a maze of emotions ... ...past that is not even theirs. Morrison brings out a novel that opens the experience of slavery to the reader. She makes the reader see the hopelessness, horrors, and realities of slavery. The reader is forced to contemplate and only try to understand. Beloved stands not as a story, but as a memorial to the sixty million or more people that were victims of the bonds of slavery. This is a book that is not to be read, but kinda experienced. It is through this novel itself, that the past lives on, and it is this agency that makes Beloved stand out and succeed as being a memorial to those who suffered and died those who would have been forgotten in the past. In essence, Beloved is not a story around slavery and its affect on the people involved, instead it is the experience. For Morrison, history is something to be reflected on, and she does this by reenacting the horrors of slavery and the impacts it had on the people involved. The reader is left to come to their own conclusions, and their own interpretations. What Morrison is essentially saying at the end is that Beloved is not just about individuals and individual experiences but about the experience of a race and a community. Analysis of Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay -- Beloved Toni Morrison LitAnalysis of Toni Morrisons BelovedToni Morrisons Pulitzer Prize winning book Beloved, is a historical novel that serves as a memorial for those who died during the perils of slavery. The novel serves as a voice that speaks for the silenced reality of slavery for both men and women . Morrison in this novel gives a voice to those who were denied one, in particular African American women. It is a novel that rediscovers the African American experience. The novel undermines the conventional idea of a storys time scheme. Instead, Morrison combines the past and the present together. The book is set up as a circling of memories of the past, which continuously reoccur in the book. The past is embedded in the present, and the present has no foundation without the past. Morrison breaks up the time sequence using the visions of the past that arouse forgotten experiences and emotions. The visions of the various occurrences of slavery survive time and continue to haunt not only the characters directly involved, but also their loved ones. In Beloved, Morrison makes the past visible in the present by making it into a tangible place that can be revisited, where people can be seen and touched, and where images and pictures survive and are projected outward from the mind. Morri son transforms these projected images into events for the reader to experience. The reader becomes part of the tradition of passing on the memories of the past. Yet, in the last two pages of the novel, Morrison instructs her readers that Beloved is not a story to be passed on. (275) It is not a story about happiness or healing or the success of one womans escape from slavery. Rather, Morrison communicates these images through a maze of emotions to accentuate the pain and suffering left by the remains of slavery. It is the story and the experience that Morrison wishes for the reader to remember, and not the characters. The novel is based on real events, that have past and been forgotten. Yet Morrison is not telling a story about happiness or healing or the success of women escaped from slavery. Rather Morrison delivers the past experiences of enslaved African American women, a past which is often forgotten. In the novel, Morrison brings to life the events and the stories that become permanently imprinted on the readers conscious. Morrison communicates these images through a maze of emotions ... ...past that is not even theirs. Morrison brings forth a novel that opens the experience of slavery to the reader. She makes the reader see the hopelessness, horrors, and realities of slavery. The reader is forced to contemplate and only try to understand. Beloved stands not as a story, but as a memorial to the sixty million or more people that were victims of the bonds of slavery. This is a book that is not to be read, but instead experienced. It is through this novel itself, that the past lives on, and it is this power that makes Beloved stand out and succeed as being a memorial to those who suffered and died those who would have been forgotten in the past. In essence, Beloved is not a story about slavery and its affect on the people involved, instead it is the experience. For Morrison, history is something to be reflected on, and she does this by reenacting the horro rs of slavery and the impacts it had on the people involved. The reader is left to come to their own conclusions, and their own interpretations. What Morrison is essentially saying at the end is that Beloved is not just about individuals and individual experiences but about the experience of a race and a community.