Determine Concentration and Molarity

Determine Concentration and Molarity Molarity is one of the most common and important units of concentration used in chemistry. This concentration problem illustrates how to find the molarity of a solution if you know how much solute and solvent are present. Concentration and Molarity Example Problem Determine the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 20.0 g of NaOH in sufficient water to yield a 482 cm3 solution. How to Solve the Problem Molarity is an expression of the moles of solute (NaOH) per liter of solution (water). To work this problem, you need to be able to calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and be able to convert cubic centimeters of a solution into liters. You can refer to the Worked Unit Conversions if you need more help. Step 1 Calculate the number of moles of NaOH that are in 20.0 grams. Look up the atomic masses for the elements in NaOH from the Periodic Table. The atomic masses are found to be: Na is 23.0H is 1.0O is 16.0 Plugging these values: 1 mol NaOH weighs 23.0 g 16.0 g 1.0 g 40.0 g So the number of moles in 20.0 g is: moles NaOH 20.0 g Ãâ€" 1 mol/40.0 g 0.500 mol Step 2 Determine the volume of solution in liters. 1 liter is 1000 cm3, so the volume of solution is: liters solution 482 cm3 Ãâ€" 1 liter/1000 cm3 0.482 liter Step 3 Determine the molarity of the solution. Simply divide the number of moles by the volume of solution to get the molarity: molarity 0.500 mol / 0.482 litermolarity 1.04 mol/liter 1.04 M Answer The molarity of a solution made by dissolving 20.0 g of NaOH to make a 482 cm3 solution is 1.04 M Tips for Solving Concentration Problems In this example, the solute (sodium hydroxide) and solvent (water) were identified. You may not always be told which chemical is the solute and which is the solvent. Often the solute is a solid, while the solvent is a liquid. Its also possible to make up solutions of gases and solids or of liquid solutes in liquid solvents.  In general, the solute is the chemical (or chemicals) present in smaller amounts. The solvent makes up most of the solution.  Molarity is concerned with the total volume of the solution, not the volume of the solvent. You can approximate molarity by dividing moles of solute by volume of solvent that is added, but this isnt correct and can lead to significant error when a large amount of solute is present.Significant figures can also come into play when reporting concentration in molarity. There will be a degree of uncertainty in the mass measurement of the solute. An analytical balance will yield a more precise measurement than weighing on a kitchen scale, fo r example. The glassware used to measure the volume of solvent also matters. A volumetric flask or graduated cylinder will yield a more precise value than a beaker, for example. Theres also an error in reading the volume, relating to the meniscus of the liquid. The number of significant digits in your molarity is only as many as that in your least precise measurement.

Healthcare Worker Shortage Leads Some Hospitals to Take Extra Steps

Healthcare Worker Shortage Leads Some Hospitals to Take Extra Steps There is currently  a shortage of U.S. health care personnel, and  it is only likely to get worse. According to a study by the U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration, within the next 10 or 15 years, 1 million nurses are expected to retire. Additionally,  the number of practicing physicians is expecting a shortfall of 55,000 by 2020. The aging population will have a large impact on the number of nurse jobs and other health-related positions sorely needed to keep facilities running.A large number of students require additional background coursework in order to take credited health care courses, which deters people from pursing health care careers. Often, these additional  courses are in more difficult areas of study, such as mathematics or chemistry. Instead of tackling them, students are switching career paths.Alternatives to Community CollegeSome hospitals are offering in-house training programs to ensure that appropriate staffing will continue. In Michigan, one pr ogram allows employees to work while training to obtain medical assistant jobs. Upon completion, the employee will be licensed and credentialed, a bonus for the hospital employer and a practical way for an employee interested in the health care field to gain knowledge.Hospital StrategiesMany hospitals realize that happy employees are more likely to stay on the job and may work past retirement age. Some offer in-house training programs, and others offer tuition reimbursement as incentive to continue toward a degree or licensure.Because of the anticipation of a continued shortage, some hospitals have found that pairing an entry level employee with a seasoned   one helps keep the older employee up on the latest technologies in the field, while the younger employee has the benefit of the other’s years of expertise.Hospital and Community College CooperationIn some areas, such as the San Francisco Bay area, hospitals have been working in conjunction with community colleges to off er training and additional support for nursing staff. By combining classes and residency experience at one time, trainees feel more confident, and the retention rate is higher.In addition, it gives the hospital the opportunity to train nursing students in needed positions, such as surgical assistants in the operating room. Other employees who are not taking nursing classes are offered tuition reimbursement, and the hospital continues to pay their salary while they attend school if the individual expresses an interest in furthering their career in health care.If you are looking for a job in health care, turning to TheJobNetwork makes your search simple. Sign up for free with this online platform and enter the type of job you want. The platform lets you specify criteria you are looking for in the job as well as letting you enter your qualifications and a resume. You can actively search for a job or let the platform do the search for you. You’ll receive an email when jobs are fo und. All you have to do is apply.

Contemporary issues in development finance Essay - 1

Contemporary issues in development finance - Essay Example Income inequality is described as the uneven distribution of individual or household income/earnings across the several participants in the economy. It is the sign of how the material resources are generally distributed across the society. High degree of earnings/income inequality is considered as undesirable. Measures of the earnings inequality relies on the data of disposable income of the household. The key indicator of earnings distribution is employed in ‘Gini coefficient’. The values of Gini coefficient scope between 0 (in perfect equality case) and 1 (in perfect inequality case). Poorer countries generally have elevated level of income inequality (Oecd, 2011). The main purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the connection between the financial growth and the income inequality by taking the example of Vietnam from the period 2000-2008. In the previous two decades, country like Vietnam has applied various economic and social reforms in order to encourage economic growth. The entrance of Vietnam into ‘World Trade Organisation’ in the year 2006 has concerned large inflows of foreign capital under the projects of foreign direct investment. Free trade and market-oriented financial system helped in releasing the capabilities and potentials of enterprises and individuals. Due to this, the economy achieved efficiency, higher productivity, and economic growth (C.M. Hoi and L.Q. Hoi, 2012). The connection between financial progress and the income inequality is a searched topic lately. Till now, two strings of notion, of which one pursue linear hypothesis and other follows non-linear hypothesis, are under exploration for the empirical evidence. Linear hypothesis: An overlapping model has been offered by Galor and Zeira (1993), who concentrated on the significance of the investment of human capital. They believe that there exist two sectors in

Ensuring Appropriate Search Engine Registration Essay

Ensuring Appropriate Search Engine Registration - Essay Example Cybercrime has spread and it cut across geographical borders, creating a new form of illegal activity that undermines the legitimacy and feasibility of applying laws based on boundaries. Law making and law enforcing authorities that are bound in territories are finding cyber crime threatening. It is a new concept and the existing laws are not equipped to handle the situation yet. This scenario has put the nation in a situation, not favourable, regarding its efficiency, sovereignty and autonomy to govern itself without inclusion of other parties. However, already established territorial law making and justice authorities may yet learn to hold back to the self-regulatory wants of cyberspace users who care most profoundly about this new digital trade in information ideas, and services. Separated from common beliefs tied to country jurisdictions, new laws will emerge, in an assortment of online spaces, to handle the wide range of new situations that have no clear equals in the real actua l world. Accordingly, this article seeks to address and analyse the following issues: Firstly, it incisively looks at how cybercrime is being addressed at the international and national levels. Secondly, it revisits the state of the existing regulatory and legislative framework and their quality use in combating this form of international organised crime, taking the European Union The web is fast evolving and is creating new challenges for information retrieval with every twist and turn in the technology ( Nozaki and Tipton 1999). The information archive is growing rapidly and the number of online users interested in using this result is rising at an alarming yet comforting rate. Alarming to developers who make the websites but comforting to policy makers who believe that it is a paradigm shift and that the information age is here for us to realise its benefits. The internet users experience is a major factor in the art of web searches and it indicates that people always use the most popular websites to do their searches. Another viable option to locating information is a human maintained list, this could cover popular topics effectively and is subjective, expensive to maintain and build. It is also marred with slow improvements and cannot cover the range of all esoteric topics. To the aid of the hurdle experience with the human maintained list is the automat ed search engines. They rely on matching keywords and return matches. The search engines make heavy use of the additional structure present in website pages built in hypertext and provide much higher and quality search results. The projection of the future search engine content hold in terms of available indexes is on the billion mark. The number of queries alone is beyond 20 million in a single day for a major search engine and the goal of the developers of search engines is to address the many problems both in quality and scalability. The internet has been a tool of trade and use among corporate organisations operating in this information age. There are about several millions of websites online and others still being uploaded every passing moment. The typical browser at a workstation in an internet cafe, home, office or public

Negotiation Techniques used in PepsiCo agreement with Romania

Negotiation Techniques used in PepsiCo agreement with Romania I. Parties involved in the negotiation PepsiCo is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Purchase, New York, with interests in manufacturing and marketing a wide variety of carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, as well as salty, sweet and cereal-based snacks, and other foods. Besides the Pepsi brands, the company owns the brands Quaker Oats, Gatorade, Frito-Lay, SoBe, Naked, Tropicana, Copella, Mountain Dew, Mirinda and 7 Up (outside the USA). In 1966, when Romania was living under the communist manifesto, in US, the newly-born cola brand began full-scale commercial distribution of Pepsi. Determined to expand its reach and turn into a global soda maker, the cola company began to search out the most promising markets and decided to leverage upon the strengths of the Eastern Europe region, in under-served countries. Donald McKendall, co-founder of PepsiCo, arrived in Romania and reached an out-of-the-ordinary agreement with Romanian authorities in 1967 that terminated in 1989. Under the agreement, PepsiCo would supply Romanian market with carbonated cola drinks and receive in exchange Romanian wine. So Romanians could enjoy Pepsi ever since the communism era. Pepsi entered Romanian market in 1992 and began full-scale distribution in 1992 and held the first spot for 3 years. In Romania, Pepsi was first introduced in 1966 and continues to have an extremely strong brand visibility (When you say Pepsi, everyone understands what youre talking about), relevance (Whatever you do, drink Pepsi) and esteem (Pepsi deserves its position as a market leader). Since the birth of Pepsi, with more than a century before, the company has maintained its reputation for innovative and creative advertising. Pepsi has always been synonymous with cutting-edge creativity. Few people know that Pepsi has a long history of promoting their brands with celebrities, what the company has done successfully, even in 1922. After rock images of Pink, Beyonce and Britney in Gladiator Pepsi, National England football captain David Beckham entered the arena in a commercial all-star. In this version, Beckham leads the line of artists, gladiator players such as Roberto Carlos, Ronaldinho, Torres, Totti, Raul, Ricardo, and Van der Vaart. In 2006, Pepsi has come up with a new TV ad, Pepsi fest, the same football team as the Gladiators, but were added Crespo, Huth, Lampard and Nesta. Christina Aguilera became Pepsi Music image in 2006. Considering the aspects presented above it is clear that PepsiCo has proved a well structured expansion and marketing strategy to support its revenues and objective accomplishment. However, the company is also famous for a well sustained organizational culture and care for its employees. Among facilities provided to employees the following can be distinguished: attractive salaries, bonuses, commissions, trainings, workshops, team buildings. II. History of the conflict PepsiCo has located some facilities and headquarters in a business park from Romania, which is not very well communicated with the local transportation network. Though, the employees find it hard to commute and to arrive to their work place. A previous analysis of the national culture, showed that in Romania, it is very common that the companies which are located outside the living area, would offer their employees a free and private line transportation from their homes to their work places. Due to the influence of the national culture on the organizational culture, so on the projects one, PepsiCo considered that the implementation of a private transportation line may be a good strategy in the attempt to increase their employees motivation. A project management team was nominated for the completion of a strategy regarding the implementation of a private transportation line for PepsiCos employees. The name of the project is Go4ward and it is sponsored by the CEO of PepsiCo. An important characteristic of this project is that it is a pilot project which will be implemented just in a single department which will be the production one. The period within it will be developed is 6 months. During this interval of time the employees will have to complete a Before and After questionnaire which will evaluate if they appreciate and use the new transportation line. This pilot project tries to increase the employees motivation and improve the work environment, though, after the analysis of the questionnaires results, the project team will be able to inform the top management if the new transportation line was an important factor in increasing this items. In case of a favorable result considering the employees motivation which will prove that this pilot project was efficient, the top management will decide whether to permanently implement this transportation line within all companys departments. Our main goal is to develop and execute a pilot project which aims at organising and implementing a private transportation network for PepsiCos production department employees in order to try to increase their motivation and to improve the work environment. Go4ward pilot projects objectives are: to respect the budget given by the sponsor: 95,000 Euro; to plan, execute, monitorcontrol and close within 6 months; 80% of the targeted employees use the new transportation line. Once the implementation plan was drawn, the project management team needed a final approval from the CEO in terms of allocated budget and other delivarables. For this purpose, a meeting was schedueled having as participants: PepsiCos CEO Project management team representatives III. Stages of the negotiation process 1. Preparation The main topic which requires attention is the final budget of the project. Initially, after presenting the project charter to the CEO, the allocated budget was 95,000 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ but due to the economic crisis the market is facing, he decided to decrease it. That is why we developed the work-breakdown structure and according to this we splited the budget allocation into several phases. WBS Dictionary: WP 1 DATA ACQUISITION WP 2 COMMUNICATION CAMPAIGN WP 2A INTERNAL MARKENTING WP 2B DEPARTMENT MEETINGS WP 3 TRANSPORTATION WP 3A CONTACTING THE PROVIDERS OF THE BUSES WP 3B HIRING DRIVERS WP 3C ESTABILISHING ROUTES WP 4A LAUNCHING THE CONTROLLING PROCEDURE WP 4B ANALISYS OF THE RESULT WP 5 PROJECT MANAGEMENT WP 6 LEGAL ISSUES WP1 600 Euro WP2 300 Euro WP3 85560 Euro WP4 1560 Euro WP5 1500 Euro 90,020 Euro 1,500 Euro 91,520 Euro 750 Euro 92,270 Euro WP6 500 Euro Cost Budget Management Reserves (7%) Cost Baseline Contingency Reserves Project estimates Work package estimates BATNA In order to decide our BATNA we had to make an analysis of the work packages and to establish their level of importance and availability for lowering their initially allocated budgets in order to meet the CEOs requirements and our as well. Following the analysis, we concluded that the most important can be realized at the level of WP3 which regards transportation issues such as bus acquisition, drivers and routes. Our BATNA for this work package is 70,000 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬. For the rest of the work packages we also established that a decrease can be made as follows: WP1: 500 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ WP2: 200 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ WP4: 1400 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ WP5: 1300 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ WP6: 350 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Considering these modifications, the final project estimates 73,750 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬. Adding the Contingency Reserves we reach 75,250 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ cost baseline level. To sum it all up the BATNA regarding the allocated budget is 76,000 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬. KEY ISSUES (regarding the allocated budgets) Essential: WP1, WP2, WP3 Important: WP6 Desirable: WP5 Throwaways: WP4 Data Transportation Communication Tools Weak time and cost estimation Improper use of questionnaires Poor communication campaign Failure in establishing routes Employees will not get convinced by campaign Poor data acquisition As preparation for the project we also provided the CEO with a risk analysis (illustrated below), quality plan and acqusition plan. 2. Opening session The negotiation situation which will be described, concerns the allocated budget for the implementation of a private transportation line for PepsiCo employees. In order to describe the negotiation process better it is necessary to answer to the following questions: WHO speaks for each party, is authorized to make/reject offers, and how many people will be on each team? WHERE will negotiation take place, and what will be the seating arrangement? WHEN will negotiations begin, and how long will sessions last? HOW will offers be made, issues included in the discussion? WHAT form of final agreement is acceptable (handshake, verbal, written, notarized)? The project management team will be represented by two members, namely the team leader and the HR Manager. The CEO himself will represent the other party of the negotiation process. According to their positions within the company, both parties are entitled to make decisions with respect to the ongoing topic. The negotiation will take place at the Romanian PepsiCo headquarter and is intended to be concluded at the end of the session. The main aspects included in the discussion will be the key issues presented above, all of them regarding the budget allocation. The offers will be made considering the work break-down structure, risk analysis and qualtity plan. The final agreement will be written and signed by both parties for the further implementation. The CEO established his BATNA at the level of 80,000 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ and made it clear that no budget extension would be possible. The project management team representatives offer was of 85,000 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬, decreased with 10,000 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ comparing with the initial approved budget. The issues included in the discussion were: WP 1 DATA ACQUISITION WP 2 COMMUNICATION CAMPAIGN WP 2A INTERNAL MARKENTING WP 2B DEPARTMENT MEETINGS WP 3 TRANSPORTATION WP 3A CONTACTING THE PROVIDERS OF THE BUSES WP 3B HIRING DRIVERS WP 3C ESTABILISHING ROUTES WP 4A LAUNCHING THE CONTROLLING PROCEDURE WP 4B ANALISYS OF THE RESULT WP 5 PROJECT MANAGEMENT WP 6 LEGAL ISSUES It has to be mentioned that all these aspects were strictly discussed with respect to the allocated amount of money for each work package. 3. Bargaining The common goal of the two parties was the implentation of the private transportation line in order to try to increase the employees motivation. As a result there were several compatible goals that the project management team and the CEO had and did not need any bargaining. The main compatible goal was represented by the importance of the marketing campaign and internal communication for the success of the project. Since the CEO had a special interest in meeting his employees expectations and raising their motivation, he immediately agreed with the budget we proposed for WP2, namely 300 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬. Also, the legal issues were seen as a compatible goal since the company is known for its compliance with the current regional lesiglation. Also, the budget allocated for the project management team was not questionable, considering that the CEO was satisfied with the work delivered up to that moment. However there were several issues that had to be traded upon in order for the project management team to obtain the desired budget. The main discussed aspect was the transportation budget which happened to be the largest within all work packages. The CEO considered that the company did not need new vehicles, taking into consideration that the project was just a pilot one and nobody could insure the increase in the employees motivation, one of the primary goals of Go4ward Project. Still, the project management team tried to convince the CEO that new vehicles would be more efficient for the company in terms of depreciation in the event the project would turn into a great success. However, the CEO intervened again, highlighting the fact that employees would be grateful for the new facility but they will not be necessarily interested in the vehicle brand, as long as the buses are safe, reliable and with updated and checked technical requirements. In conclusion, the budget for the transportation was decreased from 85,560 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ to 72,000 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬, pointing out that second hand vehicles will be purchased. Considering the data aquisition work package we established the final amount of money at 500 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬, due to the fact that no further decrease could have been made, taking into account that this work package was of an utmost importance for the development and implementation of the project. The WP4 was decided to be realized also by the project management team, even if firstly it was considered a throwaway issue, the allocated budget being 1500 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬. 4. Settlement Following the negotiation process, the two parties reached the agreement outlined below: WP1: 500 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ WP2: 300 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ WP3: 72,000 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ WP4: 1,500 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ WP5: 1,500 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ WP6: 500 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ The final budget of the Go4ward Project was settled to be 78,750 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬, fact which led to a win-win situation considering the BATNAs of the two parties. III. Conclusions Considering all the aspects of the negotiation process, it can be concluded that the negotiation proved to be a real success due to the fact that the main goal of the two parties was the approval of a appropriate budget that would allow the further implementation of the project. The negotiation resulted in a win-win situation, as the CEOs imposed budget was observed while the project management team accomplished to obtain a larger amount of money then their minimum expectations. Both parties were willing to reach an agreement as easy as possible, but according to the budget limit imposed by the General Manager. They both proved to have a mixture between collaborating and compromising conflict styles within the negotiation process there were several compatible desires, which significantly helped the parties to reach an agreement meeting the deadline; however, there were also severasl aspects that required bargaining in order to reach the best alternative. To conclude, the negotiation process was a success overall. Still, there was clear room for improvement in some areas, namely more money could have been obtained from the CEO for the project management work package (for a better access to resources needed to accomplish the project objectives). IV. References 1. www.pepsico.com 2. www.wall-street.ro 3. Negotiation Techniques Seminars and Lectures 4. Project Management Lectures, La Salle Summer School, Barcelona, 2010

Rizal as Inspiration

There is nothing wrong to study Rizal’s works and doings. For me, it’s a good thing to know and understand his history. Rizal became a hero because of his accomplishments not because he was made to be. In his writings, he mentioned characters and scenarios related in reality. It focuses his ideals and misery in our country. Indeed, he is an inspiration but only some people sees that. Many Filipino knows Rizal is our national hero and being a hero is what they knew about him and that is wrong. It is more than that. It is not enough only knowing him as a hero. We should also understand and learn something from him.Fighting for a freedom of a country is not a simple thing. I know you will needed so much courage, knowledge and a presence of mind. Like him, he used the power of his mind to fight for good and that’s we should try to imitate from him. The social cancer Rizal mentioned still exist today and we are the one living in present so I think we should at same as him. But not literally same. Being patriotic is also what made me inspire him. His selfless love in our country is remarkable. The values he has is also what we need to have. He inspired readers through his words. His real words.Rizal has become the constant model that inspires man and woman across the land to dream and work for its realization no matter the cost is brings for the sake of nationhood and promoting the liberty for the people. He also proven education is the answer to our struggle nation. So we student should value education because in the future we are the one who will get benefit from it. That’s why I will strive hard to get my diploma because I believe someday I can also do remarkable things for our next generation. Education will helped us broadened our minds, so that we’re not confined to our countries and comfort zones anymore.

Essay on A Study of Hygiene of Students in Nigeria

The present study was cross sectional study conducted in private primary school , Belgaum city. Our study includes 400 children between 10 to 12 years age group. Out of 400 students maximum number of students were aged 11years (49%) followed by 10 years (38.8%) and least were 12 years (12.3%). These results of our study (Table No.1) are similar to a study conducted by Oyibo PG, in primary school children in Abraka, Delta state, Nigeria, showed that majority of the children belong s to 9-11 years (58%), while 26.1% and 15.9% of them were in the age group 6 to 8years and 12-14 years respectively.(2) similarly a study done by Behera B, Jena SK, Shakthipriya A.M, Behera AA, Samal S, in rural school Puducherry, maximum children were 13†¦show more content†¦In our study there is no any association between age and knowledge about personal hygiene P value is (0.968) (Table No. 5). In contrast, a study was conducted by Dr. Sherin N, Dr. Aziz KF, Dr. Abdulla SA, in Ebril city, show ed that there was significant association between age and their knowledge about personal hygiene P value is (0.010)(3). This could be due to awareness about personal hygiene in all age group in school children in present study area. In our study 18.80% of boys and 26.10% of girls had good knowledge about personal hygiene, followed by 63.50% of boys and 53.70% of girls had average knowledge about personal hygiene (Table no.6) . Whereas, all religious group students had average knowledge about personal hygiene, Hindu (59.80%), Muslim (61%) and Christian (63%) (Table No.7). There is no such comparison in other available studies. In our study, 64.5% of students showed average practice of personal hygiene (Table No. 8). Which is more than in a study done in Nigeria and they found average practice of personal hygiene recorded among children was 54.9 %( 2). 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