Army Leadership Competencies Essay

Leadership competencies are groups of related actions that the Army expects leaders to do. The three categories are leads, develops, and achieves. The Army leader serves to lead others; to develop the environment, themselves, others and the profession as a whole; and to achieve organizational goals. Core competencies are those groups of actions universal to leaders, across cohorts and throughout organizations. They provide a clear and consistent way of conveying expectations for Army leaders. Leader competencies can be developed. Leaders acquire competencies at the direct leadership level. As the leader moves to organizational and strategic level positions, the competencies provide the basis for leading through change. Leaders continuously refine and extend the ability to perform these competencies proficiently and learn to apply them to increasingly complex situations. The category of leads encompasses five competencies. The first two focus on the affiliation of the followers and the common practices for interacting with them. Leads others involves influencing Soldiers and Army Civilians in the leader’s organization. Extends influence beyond the chain of command involves influencing others when the leader does not have designated authority or while the leader’s authority is not recognized by others, such as with unified action partners. Builds trust is an important competency to establish conditions of effective influence and for creating a positive environment. Leader actions and words comprise the competencies of leads by example and communicate. Actions can speak louder than words and excellent leaders use this to serve as a role model to set the standard. Leaders communicate to convey clear understanding of what needs to be done and why. Leaders are expected to extend influence beyond the chain of command, which usually has limited formal authority. This competency widens the responsibility and sphere of influence for a leader. Such influence requires insightful, and possibly nonstandard, methods to influence others. Its limited authority stems from the audience’s possible lack of the traditions, customs, and regulations of the Army and military forces. When extending influence, Army leaders have to assess who they need to influence and determine how best to establish their authority and execute leadership functions. Often they have little time to assess the situation beforehand and need to adapt as the interaction evolves. Extending influence is a competency that includes negotiation, consensus building and conflict resolution. Extending influence largely depends on the trust established with unified action partners and often applies to stability and defense support of civil authorities operations. Leaders operate to improve or sustain high performance in their organization. They do so by focusing on the four develops competencies. Creates a positive environment inspires an organization’s climate and culture. Prepares self encourages improvement in leading and other areas of leader responsibility. Leaders develop others to assume greater responsibility or achieve higher expertise. A leader stewards the profession to maintain professional standards and effective capabilities for the future and also they are responsible for development. They must ensure that they themselves are developing as well as developing subordinates, and sustaining a positive climate while improving the organization. Leaders encourage development and set conditions while performing missions they do this by having subordinates reflect on what happened during the event, by assessing whether units performed at or well above standard and why, in addition to having a positive mindset of improvement and l earning. Every experience is developmental. There are choices to make about developing others. Leaders choose when and how to coach, counsel and mentor others. Leaders often have the freedom to place people in the best situation to maximize their talent. Then the leader provides resources the subordinate needs to succeed, makes expectations clear, and provides positive, meaningful feedback. While leaders need to develop others, they have to set a positive climate in which individuals and the unit can improve and operate. As part of their developmental responsibilities, leaders must prepare themselves and act to promote long-term stewardship of the Army. Gets results is the single achieve competency. It relates to actions to accomplish tasks and missions on time and to standard. It is a process of providing value toward mission accomplishment. Getting results is the goal of leadership. However, leaders must remain mindful that leading people and creating positive conditions enable them to operate as successful leaders. Getting results requires the right level of delegation, empowerment and trust balanced against the mission. Adaptability to conditions and adjustments based on adversarial actions are ever important elements of success. Leadership and increased proficiency in leadership can be developed. Fundamentally, leadership develops when the individual desires to improve and invests effort, when his or her superior supports development, and when the organizational climate values learning. Learning to be a leader requires knowledge of leadership, experience using this knowledge and feedback. Formal systems such as performance evaluation reports, academic evaluation reports, and 360 degree assessments offer opportunities to learn but the individual must embrace the opportunity and internalize the information. The fastest learning occurs when there are challenging and interesting opportunities to practice leadership with meaningful and honest feedback and multiple practice opportunities. These elements contribute to self-learning, developing others and setting a climate conducive to learning. Leader development involves recruiting, accessing, developing, assigning, promoting, broadening, and retaining the best leaders, while challenging them over time with greater responsibility, authority and accountability. Military leadership is unique because the armed forces grow their own leaders from the lowest to highest levels. Army leaders assume progressively broader responsibilities across direct, organizational and strategic levels of leadership. The Army entrusts leaders to develop professionally and be ready to accept greater responsibility when called upon. Reference List United States Army. (2006). Army Leadership (Field Manual 6-22)Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office United States Army. (2012). Army leadership (Army Doctrine Reference Manual 6-22)Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office United States Army. (2007). Army Leadership (Army Regulation 600-100)Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office United States Army. (2012). Leadership Development and Assessment Course HandbookJoint Base Lewis-McChord: U.S. Government Printing Office Department of Defense. (2010). Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. (Joint Publication 1-02) Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office

She Stoops to Conquer- Male Characters

‘Through a close analysis of the presentation of at least two of the plays male characters, show how Goldsmith presents attitudes towards women in the play’ Oliver Goldsmith has cleverly composed an exceptionally successful comedic play, belonging to the Pastoral Genre, comprising of many key themes and ideas including that of the attitudes of males toward females, the social divide between the lower and upper class and the idea of progress and tradition.Through the numerous linguistic and dramatic devices including dramatic incitement and comedic language, Goldsmith is able to portray the attitudes displayed by the male characters such as Mr Hardcastle, Charles Marlow and George Hastings towards women within the play. Firstly, the fictitious Mr Hardcastle shows varying attitudes towards women in the play. We initially see a very traditional and prude attitude towards his daughter, Kate Hardcastle.Goldsmith implies that Mr Hardcastle has a very traditional, typically pas toral view towards women in the sense that they should be the pinnacle of youth and beauty, but also very pure and simple, all attributes which relate back to the pastoral. This is shown when Mr Hardcastle encourages Kate to dress in what he believes to be appropriate- ‘Blessings on my pretty innocence! Drest out as usual, my Kate. Goodness! What quantity of superfluous silk has thou got about thee, girl! In this sense, we see Mr Hardcastle appear very traditional and extremely authoritative over Kate, suggesting a strict attitude. Mr Hardcastle appears to believe that his orders should be followed by the women, as he has power over them once again implying that women are innocent, pure and a reflection of Eve, revealing key elements to the pastoral. Although within the Exposition stage of the play, we see Kate abide by her fathers wishes- ‘in the evening, I put on my house-wife’s dress to please you’, Mr Hardcastle displays an alternative attitude over wom en, implying he is very respectful and caring.This is shown when he informs Kate- ‘If he be what he has shewn himself, I’m determined he shall never have my consent’, suggesting that although Mr Hardcastle upholds extremely traditional values, he is willing to put them aside to ensure the happiness of his daughter, displaying a more modernised, protective attitude towards women. Goldsmith is able to show attitudes towards women through the character of Charles Marlow. In the Complication stage of the play, Goldsmith introduces ‘Comedy of Manners’, which explores codes of behaviour in sections of upper and middle class to display Marlow’s conflicting attitudes towards women.As we see Kate transform and disguise into a lower class barmaid, the audience are equally surprised to see the change in Marlow’s behaviour and attitude as he goes from being a nervous, ‘bumbling fool’, to an over confident, boastful man, who is certainl y not shy around women of a lower class, often treating them with an air of great disrespect, as though they are merely a possession to him- ‘I vow, child, you are vastly handsome’.Marlow appears to have a differing attitude depending on the class in which women belong. As he greets Kate as someone who belongs to the upper class, he is respectful and has a gentlemanly manner, referring to her as ‘Madam’. Through this we see Marlow appear to be very insecure and intimidated, suggesting that he has an enormous sense of inferiority when it comes to upper class women.Despite this, Marlow displays a change in attitude towards the female character of Kate when she disguises herself as a barmaid, suggesting he views women as being merely a possession for men to do what they wish- ‘If you keep me at this distance, how is it possible you and I can ever be acquainted’. Through this characterisation, Goldsmith presents ‘class conflict’, maske d with an element of comedy and farce to reveal Marlow’s view upon women. Finally, Goldsmith presents a very traditional view upon women through the characterisation of George Hastings.From the exposition of the play, we learn that Hastings is deeply in love with Miss Constance Neville, whom he is desperate to marry. Hastings appears to be attracted to Constance initially because of her undoubtable beauty and youth, purity and innocence, which are all aspect of pastoral. As Constance informs Hastings that she cannot marry him until she has claimed her jewels, we see that Hastings wants to be the one to provide for her, suggesting a traditional and protective attitude, as he states materialistic goods are not needed- ‘Perish all the baubles!Your person is all I desire’. Goldsmith presents a romantic, optimistic attitude over women and marriage in the view of Hastings. Despite this, we also learn that Hastings views women as something with which he can relieve his teasing and flirtatious nature, which is shown when he is seen complimenting Mrs Hardcastle with sarcasm- ‘extremely elegant and degagee, upon my word, Madam’.With the use of ‘Parody’, Hastings implies that although he upholds traditional values, he views women to be gullible creatures, whom he can mock and tease, although in a light hearted and mischievous, comedic sense. Overall, through the use of dramatic incitement, characterisation and various types of comedy including Parody, Farce and Comedy of Manners, Goldsmith has cleverly presented the typical attitude males had over women at the time in which the play was written.All of the male characters within the play share similar attitudes in the sense that they have power and status over the women within the play, as they are typically viewed as being innocent and pure in a pastoral sense, however in some ways the audience will see that this is beginning to change as women’s roles are evolving. At times women appear to be more powerful than the men within the play, such as how Kate is able to deceive and trick Marlow into believing she was a barmaid. Goldsmith has presented a traditional, yet respectful attitude towards women through the play in its entirety.

Calometry Lab

Volume of water in the calorimeter:| 26. 0 mL| 26. 0 mL| 26. 0 mL| 26. 0 mL| Initial temperature of water in calorimeter:| 25. 3 Â °C| 25. 3 Â °C| 25. 3 Â °C| 25. 3 Â °C| Temperature of hot water and metal in hot water bath:| 100. 5 Â °C| 100. 5 Â °C| 100. 5 Â °C| 100. 5 Â °C| Final temperature reached in the calorimeter:| 31. 6 Â °C| 34. 8 Â °C| 33. 1 Â °C| Â  34. 5 Â °C| Part I: Part II: Metal:| Metal A| Metal B| Metal C| Mass of metal:| 15. 262 g| 25. 605 g| 20. 484 g| Volume of water in the calorimeter:| 24. mL| 24. 0 mL| 24. 0 mL| Initial temperature of water in calorimeter:| 25. 2 Â °C| 25. 3 Â °C| 25. 2 Â °C| Temperature of hot water and metal in hot water bath:| 100. 3 Â °C| 100. 3 Â °C| 100. 3 Â °C| Final temperature reached in the calorimeter:| 27. 5 Â °C| 32. 2 Â °C| 28. 0 Â °C| Part 12: Part I: 1. Calculate the energy change (q) of the surroundings (water) using the enthalpy equation qwater = m ? c ? ?T. We can assume that the specific heat capacity of water is 4. 18 J / (g ? Â °C) and the density of water is 1. 00 g/mL. qwater = m ? c ? ?T m = mass of water = density x volume = 1 x 26 = 26 grams T = T(mix) T(water) = 38. 9 25. 3 = 13. 6 q(water) = 26 x 13. 6 x 4. 18 q(water) = 1478 Joules SPECIFIC HEAT: qmetal = -205 J = 15. 363 g X c X (27. 2 100. 3 C) c = 0. 183 J/gC PART2. Using the formula qmetal = m ? c ? ?T, calculate the specific heat of the metal. Use the data from your experiment for the metal in your calculation. q(water) = q(metal) q(metal) = 1478 Joules q(metal) = m ? c ? ?T m = 27. 776 g ?T = T(mix) T(metal) ?T = 38. 9 100. 5 = 61. 6 C = q(metal) / m x ? T C = -1478 / (-61. 6 x 27. 776 ) C = 0. 864 J / (g ? Â °C) Part 3: 12: For #1 theres a specific heat of 0. 864 J / (g ? Â °C) and that is closest to the specific heat of aluminum. So, for this experiment, lets call your metal aluminum. Now, the percent error formula is this: |experimental actual value divided by actual value| x 100 (|0. 864 0. 900| / 0. 900) * 100 = 4. 00 % For #2, you got 0. 183 J/gC. Comparing it to my list, I would recommend some sort of tin or cobalt meltal. 3. 9(. 39-. 39)x100%)/. 39 = 0% So there is a 0% error. It makes sense, given that the experimental results were THE SAME as the known value. Its the same. There is no error. 4. The easiest error reason is that the calorimeter wasnt a perfect insulator. This is because you must have opened the calorimeter when you added the cold water. Thus, heat was lost not only to the cold water but to the surrounding environment. Also, you might not have waited long enough for the thermometer to read, so the temperature of the hot water was lower than it really was, or the temperature of the cold water was warmer than it really was. Another possible source of error is the increase in heat by stirring due to increased kinetic energy.

Samsung Electronics Global Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Samsung Electronics Global Marketing - Case Study Example The paper tells that in the context of globalization and increased competition among the multinational companies, the fight for market share both in domestic as well as in international markets is very intense. Identifying the opportunities is the key to success. The â€Å"New Management Initiative† started by then president Lee has helped Samsung to perform well during the Asian Crisis. Corporate restructuring, major resizing of the organization increased emphasis on manufacturing through vertical integration, technological leadership in consumer electronic goods is the key strategy framework that helped Samsung to increase the sales revenue and profitability of the organization. Reinvestment of profits in R&D, manufacturing and supplying chain activities are clear winning strategies to compete with companies like Sony, GE, and Intel etc. Being a quality player as well as introducing innovative products without losing cost-effectiveness is a prime focus for most companies. Th e brand image of Samsung is not well known in international markets. Increasing the brand visibility and strength in technology products will help Samsung to be top in the marketplace. Global marketing and building the brand in the international marketplace is one of the main challenges a Chief Marketing Office. As a path to achieve high profitability and be one of the top players in the international consumer goods market Samsung has to develop strategies regarding efficient market planning and attract several consumer segments.

The context in which health and social care managers operate is as Outline

The context in which health and social care managers operate is as important as the decisions they make. Discuss this in relatio - Outline Example The case has provided supporting literature regarding social worker’s key concerns. Social worker Social workers are the people who have the obligation to assist people in adjusting to complications and problems in their lives like illness, child abuse, job hunt, mental illness, handicaps and any sort of anti-social behavior.  The main duty and responsibility of the social workers is to help people in their problems, provide counseling and linking their problem with the rules and policies of the state. The most important concern for the social worker is to provide a healthy and safe environment to the children as they are the future prospect of the state (Firestone, 2002). Baby P case There are a number of cases where social and health mangers have not delivered their duties properly and the victims of social crime had to suffer a lot. One of such cases is of â€Å"Baby P case†, which is also known as â€Å"Baby Peter case†. The case revolves around a 17 months old boy, who was killed due to the negligence of a social worker. The summary of this case is that baby Peter was abused and beaten to death by his step-father. Although, his stepfather and mother were arrested a number of times, in the mean time Peter was kept in care by a health care provider, but was later given back to the parents. Just a few days before Peter’s death, the social worker missed the injuries on his face and hands. The boy was found dead in his cot with his spine broken and severe bruises all over the body. Peter’s mother and his step father were jailed for several years. Moreover, the social worker and 3 mangers from Haringey council and a doctor were dismissed because of neglecting their due responsibility (Fresco, 2008). Contextual Factors The underlying factors that led to Peter’s death were: (1) The irresponsibility and negligence of his mother as she left Peter unattended while staying busy in pornography; (2) The social workers who came by to check on the baby, as they had left him with his mother with a belief that his mother seems very caring; this was neglect on their behalf; (3) The doctor who, due to his negligence, while examining Peter, was unable to find the broken ribs and spine. So, everyone on their behalf neglected the poor baby, all of which led to his death. Management theories Management basically is aligning people to achieve organizational goals. The management theories help establishing a road map and linking principles and concepts for a specific purpose. The main and recent theories are Systems Approach, Contingency theory, Chaos theory, and Team Building theory. (1)System approach: It emphasizes the fact that an organization is interrelated, that its actions and decisions taken in one organizational department will affect other departments as well. (2)Contingency theory: An approach that says that every organization is different from others; it faces different situations and requires different ways for managing the situation. (3): Chaos theory: It says that some situations are uncontrollable, at times the organization gets complex and it becomes hard to maintain stability. (4)Team Building theory: The approach emphasizes building teams, maintaining quality and reducing the level of hierarchy (Robbins & Coulter 2008, pp. 35-36). Interrelationship between Management theories and social worker’s practices In Baby Peter case, the social worker’s and doctor’s conduct had an effect on the respective social service provider and the

IT security Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IT security - Coursework Example In this scenario, most of the data stored is extremely secret and not intended for common people screening in addition to the outside business access. In addition, a lot of companies are exclusively dependent on their business and economical data which is proficiently stored in computers like any web based enterprise. In case of such businesses we can have customer records, private employee’s information, employee’s salary details, advertising and sales data and bank account information stored on electronic database systems. In this scenario, without this business and economical data, it would frequently be extremely difficult for a company to work effectively. For this reason new and more enhanced technology based structures and security systems are implemented to protect such kinds of sensitive business data and information which can later on be used for effective decision making. However, better business information security systems include a variety of processes, ex pertise, safety products and measures. In addition, the software applications that offer virus protection scanners and firewall information safety are not sufficient on behalf of their performance to defend huge and extensive information stores. Thus, a group of systems and practices are required to be implemented to successfully discourage illegal entry and interpretation to information systems and databases (Crystal, 2011), (Anderson & Schneier, 2008) and (Grimaila, 2004). Information security is becoming extremely important for all the businesses. This report presents a comprehensive analysis of one of the biggest global business Wal-Mart. This report will analyze some of the prime IT security procedures that Wal-Mart organization currently uses. This report will also outline that how these security procedures are used and what threats they are designed to combat. Wal-Mart is one of the biggest worldwide retailers. It is one of biggest financial power, a glowing ruler for argumen t and an intellectual experience. In addition, the Wal-Mart is the mind-piece of Sam Walton, who is having a personal thinking to offer customer lesser prices than they get somewhere. That fundamental policy has made the Wal-Mart's culture and presently formulated as a biggest business monster. At present Wal-Mart business setup is exceptionally massive. Moreover, it has amazing power to create employment marketplaces worldwide as well as transform the method all companies generally do their jobs (Wilbert, 2011), (Walmart, 2011) and (William F. Achtmeyer Center for Global Leadership, 2002). WAL-MART: BUSINESS OVERVIEW Wal-Mart business setup was established in 1962 by the Sam Walton, with a first Wal-Mart store that was started at Rogers, Arkansas. This business attained annual sales of $1 billion after 17 years of its development. At the end of January 2002, Wal-Mart business Stores, Inc. turned out to be a world’s biggest seller, along with $218 billion of annual sales. Add itionally,

CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN INTERNET BANKING Essay

CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN INTERNET BANKING - Essay Example More evidences and marks of banking activities are found in the ancient times as well. In fact, the word digs its origins back to the Ancient Roman Empire, where the moneylenders used to set up their stalls in the middle of enclosed courtyards called macella on a long bench called a bancu, from which the words banco and bank are finally derived. The merchant of the bancu, being a moneychanger, simply converted foreign money the Imperial Mint, the sole legal Roman tender. He did not invest a lot of money. (Matyszak & Philip 2007). A banker or bank has been in the status of a formal financial institution whose primary activity is to serve as a payment agent for customers to borrow and lend. The name of the first modern bank was Banco di San Giorgio or the Bank of St. George which was established in Italy at Genoa during the year 1406. As the human life style started ticking faster, the modes of transaction also indicated a shift to fit in the pace of the human wants, movements of goods and services and the time value factor that became crucial. The paper is concentrating on the aspect of one of the modern banking pattern; most contemporary and commonly known as the internet banking and the customer satisfaction in its service. The precursor for the modern day’s home or office based internet banking services were the distance banking services over electronic media from the early 80s. the late eighties saw the popularity of internet rise and this brought with it the utility of a keyboard, monitor and terminal. The phone might or might not have been used in the process. Home banking can also refer to the use of a numeric keypad to transmit tones through a phone line with instructions to the bank. In 1981 four banking giants of New York, Citibank, Chase Manhattan, Chemical and Manufacturers Hanover began to re nder home banking service through the application of internet and this marked the

Progress Report for PDR Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Progress Report for PDR - Research Paper Example The project team especially the team responsible for engaging interviews with the stakeholders especially the secretaries and assistants in the faculties do not corporate. This has resulted into getting inaccurate information that is supposed to aid in system development. During our progress we found out from external sources that have successfully carried out the same implementation that the best method of developing a system that will meet the user requirement is by engaging the users from the initial phases of the system development. This will enable the development team to refine the system requirement from the early stages such that the time spend during testing will be reduced. Information about this output can be downloaded from www.suceesssystempro.net. This gives the detailed report on the above methodology and also provide case example that are real. After integrating the new method of user involvement, we realize that there are a lot of disparities in terms of functional and non functional requirement. This is as a result of disparities in the users needs especially the students. We found out that some students and a few staff do not have internet knowledge and therefore the system interface should be made in a way that will not frustrate them (Wiegers 426) The programming team are doing very well so far in coming up with prototypes that are subjected to test by exposing it to students and staff for use. The other sections are progressing well except that more resources need to be pumped into data entry team because we realized that the database that was used previously had a lot of vulnerabilities in terms of data security. As such we had to come up with a new database using mySQL (Bolles, 125) During the past one week we had to make a formal communication to different faculties to corporate with the data collection team that goes round collecting

Machiavelli Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Machiavelli - Term Paper Example Thus, the people who are motivated by fear rather than any instinct to oppose the prince’s insight are disposed to honor the ends of the ruler however he wishes to pursue his goals through his legitimate power whether by ideal or mischievous political design (Machiavelli). Apparently, it is most suitable to acknowledge that Machiavelli requires a type of leader who fulfils his selfish interest by an â€Å"invisible hand† of unintended consequences in which the citizens manage to gain their own advantage by the course of nature despite the prince’s real yet unknown intention of acquiring power to its absolute extent. On behalf of stable princely rule, hence, one may well justify how Machiavelli fits in a â€Å"Republican† status though such identity becomes modified as he exhibits the role of a tactician who believes that the greater majority ought to benefit according to the projected ends of state progress. Implicitly, though the prince has nothing to do with this yet he have prudence to show and if the people of the state were to obtain prosperity by coincidence, it should not be permitted to transpire always, only most of the time. In view of the proposition where â€Å"the ends justify the means†, Machiavelli likely points out that politics, no matter which paths are taken, good or evil, as maneuvred by the prince must yield to the stability of his government, or more specifically, the foundations upon which his powers rest. Anything or anyone that threatens such ultimate end form materializing the prince is expected to have as far removed from him as possible while in the process of maintaining and expanding the realms of his potentials and authorities altogether. At whatever cost, the deliberate goal of the means is to secure a political power for the prince to enable him to execute tasks toward the favor of satisfying his subsequent desires. The citizens, the ideals, and the rest

Tariffs and Non-Tariffs Barriers Research Paper

Tariffs and Non-Tariffs Barriers - Research Paper Example Control of imports is done through tariffs and non-tariffs barriers, which are part of global financing and exchange rates. A tariff is a form of trade barrier imposed on goods imported in that particular country by the government of the same nation in from of a tax (Saranovic, 2006). The tariff imposed, adds to the cost of the imported goods and can be adjusted at any given time. Such adjustments are meant to protect locally manufactured products from unhealthy competition from cheap imports. Tariffs come in two types; ad valorem and specific (Hill, 2004). For the case of specific tax, it is meant to enforce a set barrier in form of tax to a specific imported product without considering the variation in the value. For instance, if a specific tax of 75 cents was imposed on mobile phones in the United Kingdom, then it means that the government will be gaining 75 cents on every mobile phone disregarding the price of the phone. For the case of ad valorem tax, it is imposed inform of fix ed percentage on the value of the imported goods. ... The first form is quotas. Quotas refer to the limitations imposed on the quantity of imports by the government. This means that the government puts a limit to the quantity of particular goods that can enter a country in a given time; they are normally enforced together with the import tax where by if the limit is exceed, then the government will impose higher tax on the same. The second type on non-tariff barrier is voluntary export restriction; this refers to a situation where by the government restrict the quantity of goods being exported to another country. Thirdly, there is anti-dumping barrier. This type is imposed on the commodities that have a harmful effect on the environment and might incur some dumping cost on the consumer. In this case, the goods are sold at slightly higher prices than they would have been sold in the home market (WTO, 2006). Lastly, there is subsidy. It refers to financial aid by the government to the local industries to make it possible for them to compe te favorably with the international companies. In this case, the domestic companies are in a better position to manufacturer their products cheaply with aid of latest technology such that the imported products are out-competed. Due to the analysis of tariffs and non-tariff barriers, it is evident that they have a great bearing in relation to the global financing operations. For instance, in the case of manufacturing operations, the company involved may chose to manufacture from the home country and then export the manufactured goods or manufacture its commodities from the country endowed with raw materials duce to high tax of importation of raw materials. In addition, the company may opt to manufacture the products from the country with the ready market then sell within

Inventory Management Essay Example for Free

Inventory Management Essay Inventory is the quantity or total amount of goods and materials in a store or factory for some immediate or some future use. The reasons for holding more than adequate stocks of inventory would be 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to keep business operations running and to meet current orders 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to meet unforeseen demand and to effectively meet customer orders 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to take care of the lead time , ie , the time gap between ordering the stores and   receiving them and place orders accordingly 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to use as a hedge against price increases and inflation and control losses 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to even out erratic demand requirements. Inventory control or inventory management is an attempt to maintain an adequate supply of goods while minimizing inventory costs resulting from obtaining and holding inventory with the purpose of providing information to â€Å"efficiently manage the flow of materials, effectively utilize people and equipment, coordinate internal activities and communicate with the customers.†Ã‚   .   Some of the terminologies related to inventory management are EOQ-Economic Order Quantity   or how much to order SAFETY STOCKS- how much inventory to hold on hand REORDER LEVEL – the minimum levels of stocks at which new order for stocks is to be placed. Visual control –enables the manager to examine the inventory visually and determine if more inventory is required. Tickler control -enables the manager to physically count a small portion of the inventory each day so as to cover the entire range of inventory regularly over several days. Click sheet control is a method whereby the manager records the item as it is used on a sheet of paper. This information is used while determining the reorder levels.   Stub control (used by retailers) enables the manager to retain a portion of the price ticket when the item is sold. The manager can then use the stub to record the item. Point-of-sale terminals relay information on each item used or sold. The manager receives information printouts at regular intervals for review and action. Off-line point-of-sale terminals relay information directly to the suppliers computer who uses the information to ship additional items automatically to the buyer/inventory manager. The final method for inventory control is done by an outside agency. A manufacturers representative visits the large retailer on a scheduled basis, takes the stock count and writes the reorder. Unwanted merchandise is removed from stock and returned to the manufacturer through a predetermined, authorized procedure.

American Prohibition Essay Example for Free

American Prohibition Essay : Also known as the Volstead Act, named after Republican Senator Andrew J. Volstead, the National Prohibition Act was designed to improve the morality of the nation. However, prohibition, the â€Å"Noble Experiment,† failed miserably in this respect. Focus/Argument: Prohibition in fact failed to bolster morals as hoped, but instead led to an increase in violent crime and caused morals to slip due to reactionary protest from the people. Paper should focus on the major cities of the twenties such as Chicago, New York, and St. Louis. Special attention should be focused on the mafia, gangland violence, and bootlegging, as well as the spread of speakeasies and the resulting Jazz culture (flappers, corruption, etc). Introduction: â€Å"The so-called Temperance movement, which in fact opposed temperate and responsible enjoyment of alcohol beverages, proposed that to defeat the disease of alcohol dependency among the few allegedly required abstinence from the many. †1 This was the rationale which enabled the 18th amendment to the U. S. Constitution to be passed. Also known as the Volstead Act, named after its author the Republican senator Andrew J. Volstead, the National Prohibition Act was designed to improve the morality of the nation. However, prohibition, the â€Å"Noble Experiment,† failed miserably in this respect. 2 In fact, it caused an increase in crime and gave impetus to violence on a scale not seen since the days of the old west. Morality also became increasingly lax as speakeasies, Jazz, sexual promiscuity, and flappers mushroomed across the nation, giving full meaning to the term, â€Å"The Roaring Twenties. † Coupled with post-war prosperity with people having more money and time off than ever before, they looked for things to spend their earnings on as well as for ways to blow off steam. 3 The rise of popular legend stemming from the Prohibition years in the form of movies, books, and people such as mobster Al Capone and Treasury agent Elliott Ness, have had a lasting impact on popular culture through modern times. The Prohibition decade was more than a prohibition on alcohol consumption; it was a prohibition on morals which never has been repealed. American Prohibition: Moral Decay and Corruption in the Roaring Twenties The 1920s went by various monikers such as the Jazz Age and the Roaring Twenties. It was a time of prosperity for most Americans. Scientific and technological improvements increased industrial production. The automobile, electric appliances, chemical and construction industries expanded tremendously during the 1920s. People were generally able to afford luxuries. The 1920s was also an era of wild gaiety for part of the population. Novels of the period stressed the rebellion of the youth against the traditional values of their parents. These groups from the urban areas came to seem typical of the 1920s though actually many more people were leading conservative lives. Women had been given the right to vote in 1920 when the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified. For the first time, women wore their dresses short and bobbed their hair; many wore make-up and smoked cigarette’s. They became regulars in the dance scenes in clubs and cabarets where jazz was played. They were called flappers. Some imitated the movie stars they saw in silent files like the glamorous Gloria Swanson and Norma Talmadge and swooned over Rudolf Valentino. Talking pictures were first introduced in 1927 featuring the Jazz Singer. Jazz music was played everywhere and was most popular in the urban area of New York as it seemed to embody the vitality of the city. Speakeasies sprouted everywhere. Its name bespoke secrecy as these private clubs admonish its customers to speak easy or softly or the police might herar. Charles A. Lindbergh was a completely different type of national hero. In May 27, this young man from the Midwest became the first person to fly alone, nonstop, across the Atlantic Ocean. 4 Prohibition was partly responsible for the daring, reckless spirit of the twenties. An amendment to the Constitution was submitted to the states on December 18, 1917 and on January 29, 1919, the Eighteenth Amendment was declared ratified, to wit: Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article, the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. 5 On January 16, 1920, the National Prohibition Act or, otherwise known as the Volstead Act, went into effect. The conservatives had long been calling for temperance arguing that alcohol is the source of all ills. Science was used to give evidence that alcohol was linked to vices, diseases, suicide and leads to early death. The employers encouraged total abstinence so as to minimize industrial accidents and at the same time increase productivity. The religious community associated alcohol with evil. The women’s group proclaimed it detrimental to family relations. 6 With the entry of the United States in World War I, they quickly gained supporters due to the growing resentment against anything German which included beer. Moreover, patriotism called for self-sacrifice and anyone who did not remain sober and defend the country were met with hostility. During the war, the manufacture of beer and liquor had been prohibited to conserve grain and by July 1919, the sale of liquor had been stopped. With such public sentiment, the prohibitionists gained ground and the amendment was passed. 7 The day before the Volstead Act was to take effect, the Anti-Saloon League of New York made an optimistic prediction by stating that, â€Å"Tonight, John Barleycorn makes his last will and testament. Now for an era of clean thinking and clean living! † 8 Instead, the opposite took place. Almost immediately, violations across the country were being reported. Police were carrying out raids of establishments who persisted in selling liquor. The law was observed mostly in the Midwest where the â€Å"dry† movement had begun, but in the large eastern cities the laws were flagrantly broken. As well, there were not enough Federal and state agents to enforce prohibition. In fact, now that is was illegal, more people began to drink more than ever. Such circumstances made Al Capone self-righteous enough to proclaim that: I make my money by supplying a public need. If I break the law, my customers, who number hundreds of the best people in Chicago, are as guilty as I am. The only difference between us is that I sell and they buy. 9 Fortunes were made in bootlegging or the manufacture and sale of liquor illegally. Criminals organized â€Å"mobs† or â€Å"syndicates† to operate in certain areas. Al Capone was one of these of bosses. He held sway in Chicago and Cicero, Illinois, with an estimated 750 paid gunmen. Crime became big business in other large cities, too. There were many kidnappings for ransom. Among them was Charles Lindbergh’s son who in 1932, was not only kidnapped but was also murdered. When prohibition ended in February 16, 1933 with the passing of the Twenty-first Amendment to repeal the Eighteenth Amendment, the mobs turned to protection rackets, slot machines and other gambling and the distribution of narcotics. 10 To be fair, the prohibition did manifest benefits though only for a short period. This could probably be because liquor was still relatively hard to find and when one did find it, the price of violation was high. This does not refer to the penalties to be imposed when caught but that the cost of liquor had become so prohibitive that the average American earner could not afford a glass of cocktail. The prohibition had no effect on the rich, however, as they continued to drink well while the poor drank badly. This led to further divisiveness as it was becoming classifies as a class legislation. 11 In 1920, the year the law came into effect, there was a significant drop in the arrests for drunkenness which was even lower than 1918 and 1919 when Americans were voluntary abstaining from liquor due to wartime restrictions and patriotism. By 1921, however, arrests for drunkenness had once again risen with no indications of declining. This data can be seen in a 1926 survey of 384 municipalities that was prepared by Stanley Shirk, the research director of The Moderation League, Inc. The results as it was presented to the Senate Committee Hearing were as follows: 12 Year Number of Arrests for Intoxication in 384 Communities Year Number of Arrests for Intoxication in 384 Communities 1914 523,049 1920 233,837 1915 528,347 1921 317,492 1916 557,634 1922 425,353 1917 542,039 1923 499,322 1918 423,048 1924 515,199 1919 309,760 1925 533,483 The World League against Alcoholism likewise presented its own survey results in the same Senate Committee Hearing which compiled the records of 514 cities and towns. 13 Year Arrests for Drunkenness per 10,000 Population Year Arrests for Drunkenness per 10,000 Population 1914 169 1920 60 1915 165 1921 84 1916 176 1922 111 1917 169 1923 126 1918 124 1924 127 1919 97 These figures also showed an increase in arrests after 1920, the bone-dry year, but it was contended that this was more due to increased police activity. The anti-Alcoholism League, at that time, can merely give a forecast that arrests will go down in 1925 and beyond. They pointed out that compared with the figures from 1914 to 1917 of the pre-prohibition years, recorded arrests after 1920 were still much lower. Regardless, whether we look at it from the â€Å"wet† or â€Å"dry† statistics, the data showed that the number of arrests for drunkenness was not receding. This gave evidence that for the primary objective of the National Prohibition Act was not met and could not be met. The numbers from 1918 to 1921 are also quite notable as it implied a change in the attitudes of the general population towards alcohol. By the time prohibition was put in effect, the wartime fervor seems to have already waned, abstinence had overstayed its welcome, drinking was no longer met with social disapproval and people were clamoring for a drink notwithstanding the law. Institutions and agencies were likewise fairly tolerant of transgressions of the law and would accept any loophole around it. In courtrooms of Wyoming and San Francisco, judges and jury gave much leeway to the defense to the point of allowing the evidence to be drunk which led to the technicality of lack of evidence against the bootlegger defendant and the cases were thrown out. Doctors could and did prescribe up to three pints of vitamin-enhanced whiskey which was in accordance with a Supreme Court ruling. Government beer was prescribed by the gallons for medicinal purposes. 14 As a result, it had soon become a law that nobody wanted to obey thus making it harder to enforce. Thereupon, a general perception followed that crime was prevalent. Foremost among these are convictions for crime which did not used to be treated as criminal before the passing of the Eighteenth Amendment. This perception of lawlessness was compounded by the sensational publicity given to prohibition violations which had become daily news stories in the papers. In an age where cinema was most influential, many movies were produced that depicted a lot of drinking not by the villains but by the heroes and heroines. 15 Prominent people have likewise testified before the Senate to express their opinion against the Volstead Act and argue for revision. They aimed to prove that lawlessness had in fact increase since it was passed. One of these opponents of prohibition was Michigan politician Charles S. Wood who contended that the statistics for the arrests on drunkenness would actually have been much greater except that people were doing their drinking inside homes and hotels rather than in saloons hence there is little chance for them to be caught drunk in the streets. 16 This can be corroborated by the increasing number of deaths recorded for cirrhosis of the liver. Alcoholic admissions in one New York hospital as recorded in the 1930s were over 1000 a year. Apparently, they became alcoholics during prohibition. 17

Negative Effects Of Modern Day Testing | Education

Negative Effects Of Modern Day Testing | Education Using standardized tests to evaluate students and teachers has been an extreme mistake of the educational system. The seemingly flawless idea that high test scores show effective teaching and competent students has failed to be accurate. According to Alfie Kohn in The Case Against Standardized Testing standardized tests cant measure initiative, creativity, imagination, conceptual thinking, curiosity, effort, irony, judgment, commitment, nuance, good will, ethical reflection, or a host of other valuable dispositions and attributes. Students memorize more than they learn and retain and do not learn the same and even teachers have been caught cheating to keep their jobs. Many benefactors even use standardized tests to take advantage of the education system. Standardized tests have undermined education and the success of many students. While the majority of modern peoples and teachers have accepted standardized tests to be the best method for evaluating students mental ability, the reali ty is that they fail to exemplify the true ability of individual students and teachers while also impacting them negatively. Standardized tests distributed by the state are known as high stakes tests. They are called so because schools with high outcomes can get praise and financial rewards while schools with low outcomes are declared unsatisfactory and may receive sanctions. Furthermore, students with low scores may be held back in a certain grade. These are a few of the many stakes on the line with standardized tests. It has only been recently that schools have replaced use of standardized tests for academic placement and for determining student needs, with judging students intelligence and holding them back from diplomas (Kohn). Effects Against Students To most, this idea seems fine, but there are many problems with it. Gregory J. Merchant states that the National Association of School Psychologists believes holding students back is bad policy with devastating effects (3). Many cities have failed students for underachieving in standardized tests. In Baltimore, 20,000 students were held back. For the student, being picked out as the dumb one could damage them psychologically. Individual students could get left behind by the peers and friends they value most in their own grade level. Not only will this effect individuals, but large masses of students get held back leading to anxiety about standardized tests. Students in same level grades might be at different levels of their cognitive development, but due to grade levels use of age instead of intelligence level, many of those students are stuck taking tests created for the upper hand of the class and leaving them the consequences of biological factors. . While it is good to have stude nts be at their own intelligence level with peers, it would be better to change age level based grades. An increase of failure and retention from grade level to grade level could also lead to an increase of dropout rates due to pressure. In Boston, the dropout rate was increased by 300 percent which was directly attributed to standardized tests (Merchant 3). It has also been examined that tests created for educational purposes were biased on minority comprehension (Myers 334). In other words minorities generally do worse on these tests than many of the dominant white majority. This also causes many of those minorities, to feel unsatisfactory and overall dumber. Being Hispanic in high school and observing many of my friends, siblings, and relatives who have dropped out, there have been many occasions in which Hispanics believe they could not further their education. My peers also had the mindset that they were to dropout or just enter the workforce immediately after high school. These stakes not only make students further fear tests but make them wonder, as they drift through school, I this going to be on the test? Anxiety, fear, and anger towards standardized tests are overflowing students minds. Attitudes towards test not only manifest themselves in students through cheating and loafing but also inhibit success on tests by plummeting students with anxiety. (Merchant 4). Ten million students in elementary and secondary schools performed below ability on tests because of anxiety (Merchant 4). Merchant explains a possible increase due to the increased emphasis and importance of testing (4). Tests have shown to cause a lot of physical and psychological problems for students. Truancy and stress all make the education system negatively impact students, especially the young ones. The extent that modern schools make students strive for excellence beyond the busy work of the classroom is pitiful. The most any student needs to know is an equation and numbers to plug in, but there is no actual knowledge of the actual equation used. Now, all that matter is what is going to be on the test. What does mx + b mean when all you do is plug in numbers accordingly. In my experience with school I have never truly needed to know and understand material fully to achieve a good grade even though I have strived to do so. Furthermore I have only had to think critically in a handful of situations. There has been A statistical association between high scores on standardized tests and relatively shallow thinking (Kohn). Although many creative thinkers also score well on tests and many shallow thinkers sometimes score high, the bases that someone can do well on a test by merely copying down answers, guessing a lot, and skipping the hard parts creates an extreme gap in accurate meas urements of students knowledge (Kohn). Many students understand little of the subject or methods being used. While individually effective teachers do help, it is still incredibly difficult to achieve proper measurements in a contemporary day classroom focusing on state tests and other agendas. Tests are now used as a measuring stick for students and teachers achievement but the scores do not properly reflect the quality of academia. To begin with, tests are a comparison of one person relative to the rest of the population of students. This in turn makes it incredibly difficult to set up a test according to the knowledge that should be established at each level. One reason for that being that not everyone at the same age is at the same level. Potential is not measured by where someone is but where they can go. Another negative effect of this idea is that if a state with 140,000 students rose the standard cutoff score for a certain grade to be five more percentiles, 7,000 students would not pass to the next level or be considered average (Merchant 2). For these reasons, students also do not learn what they should learn or gain actual intelligence. Gregory states that basic items that students should master do not show up on tests, and due to limits of time, any certain questions striving to measure knowledge may be too few to have reliable measurements of specific skill (Merchant 3). Gregory even goes on to say that a few good guesses or skipped answers may determine the skill level of students. Standardized tests then show their limitations in assessing real student growth (3). Effects on Teachers For the eighteen years I have been in school striving toward academic achievement and scoring big numbers on standardized tests, the focus has been cognitive development, understanding through thought. Although this is not bad, the ways schools have gone about it is terribly wrong. School, through my experience, has consisted of countless hours of sitting in a room looking up at what teachers were saying. This method, while working for some students, has failed to truly challenge students mentally as well as not significantly teach others. One of the main reasons for these, frankly, boring classes is standardized tests. These functions will ultimately hurt the students. Do teachers try to teach a well-rounded student or a good test taker? Effects of standardized tests are easily found in the classroom. It is also thought that good scores reflect the teachers effectiveness. Waiting time on preparing for tests rather than learning other material is a serious factor. Teachers worried about bad tests scores spend an incredible amount of time teaching students how to take tests instead of teaching learning skills and knowledge (Merchant 4). Teachers begin to focus on materials students need on the tests. The curriculum then starts to be narrowed down. Gregory states that teachers even stop focusing on creative learning, such as projects, to reinstate lecture methods (4). The bad part of this is bad teachers focused on tests could get passed off as good teachers when in fact they are not. Schools cut out music, art, and social studies to focus on reading and math for tests and teach them accordingly to do well on tests, which in turn cuts a major opportun ity of learning for students. Even the ACT science test focusses on students ability to read rather than knowledge of science. These methods do not just hurt students by neglecting countless areas of study but also by subjecting them as equal learners. The theory of Multiple Intelligence tells us that different people think and understand differently. Howard Gardner a well-known psychologist expresses intelligence in eight different packages, one being bodily-kinesthetic which requires movement unlike that of a classroom. Another psychologist, Robert Sternberg, proposed three intelligences. Sternberg called one of these intelligences analytical intelligence which expresses what would be known as intelligence geared for modern school classroom (Myers 330 333). One of the possibly worst outcomes of this new found method is the cheating by teachers throughout the states. Because many states now use tests to measure teachers too, teachers begin to cheat to keep their jobs as well as get better funding. While this idea is not very prevalent there have been a few cases amongst cheating teachers. After asking teachers in two school districts how prevalent they felt cheating on standardized tests was, they responded with multiple cases of belief of cheating as well as witnessing cheating. (Brian 2-3). Jacob Brian in Rotten Apples also goes on to reveal cheating cases in four separate states (2) It is also seen that teachers and many people have found methods for taking tests. In effect, teachers begin to teach these methods in place of critical thinking and real knowledge. Pointing to the conclusion that students, again, do not learn important subjects but methods they might not even understand. Another problem with the teacher side of standardized testing is the parallels needed to be held with state curriculums. One teacher using the methods for student success on tests might look more successful than the ones who teach effectively but not geared for tests. A Possible Politics Angle Politics has also affected the use of standardized tests in the class room. Not for the good cause of not leaving a child behind, but to manipulate schools accordingly. Recently, tests have been overthrowing the education seen but only in the United States. Few countries today give these formal examinations to students before the age of sixteen or so, (Kohn). For the most part the intent of standardized enthusiasts is to raise school standards. There might be some other unseen agenda too though. Some ideas as proposed by Alfie Kohn state that some people intend to use standardized tests to form negative perceptions of public schools in hopes of privatizing education. While schools are still dominated by standardized tests the outcome is looking bright. Hundreds of schools have begun to drop tests like the ACT and SAT from their admissions forms (Kohn). It is seen that standardized tests bring forth more negative effects than they do good. Albeit proponents of standardized tests express concern for incentives to learn, and inhibiting unqualified students from bringing down their peers, using standardized tests produce false measurements and negative effects. .

Understanding Chimpanzee Culture Essay -- primates biology and behavior

In primates such as chimpanzees it is imperative to look at their culture to understand their intelligence. Culture in this circumstance means a specific set of behaviors obtained through learning in a population/species. Chimpanzee’s intelligence is quite unique how they interact with their environment and use it to their benefit just like humans. They have the ability to overcome the obstacles of everyday life through learning and the ability to use tools to create a better quality of life. The complexity of their intellect is different from any other animal ever seen. A significant part of chimpanzee intelligence that sets them apart from other primates and puts them closer to humans is the way they exhibit social learning within their culture and interactions within their environment. When it comes to interacting with the environment tool use by chimpanzees is very vital to differentiating their intelligent within their culture. Chimpanzees are some of the very few unique primates that use a variety of tools which makes them stand out as very proficient tool users besides humans. According to David Watts chimpanzees use the tools to enhance their way of living. â€Å"Chimpanzees at several well documented sites mostly use tools in extractive foraging, and extractive tool use can substantially increase their foraging efficiency. They also use tools for hygiene and for several other purposes, including attracting the attention of conspecifics, as in leaf-clipping† (Watts 2008, 83). Subsequently chimpanzees are intellectual enough to alter an object to create a tool, and then use the tool for a precise purpose. Then on the other hand chimpanzees use tools to overcome everyday obstacles. As expressed by Watts chimpanzee toolkits mak... ...and put them in a whole different category from other primates. Unlike other animals there intellect gives them the ability to create, learn and flourish as primates. Even though they are not as intelligent as humans, they have a very significant cognition that puts them closer to humans. Works Cited Elizabeth E., Price. "A Potent Effect Of Observational Learning On Chimpanzee Tool Construction." Proceedings Of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276.1671 (2009): 3377-3383. Academic Search Premier. Web. 15 Nov. 2013. Horner, Victoria, Proctor,Darby . "Prestige Affects Cultural Learning In Chimpanzees." Plos ONE 5.5 (2010): 1-5. Academic Search Premier. Web. 15 Nov. 2013 Watts, David P. "Tool Use By Chimpanzees At Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda." International Journal Of Primatology 29.1 (2008): 83-94. Academic Search Premier. Web. 15 Nov. 2013.

Is College Worth The Effort? Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Is College Worth The Effort? "College has been a total waste of your time and money!" Imagine telling that to a student who just finished four years of hard, grueling, expensive work; or, even worse, a parent who paid for their child to finish that same grueling work. But, in some ways, that statement can’t be any further from the truth. College can prepare a student for life in so many more ways than for a career. However, in the way that college is supposed to prepare soon-to-be-productive students, that statement could be right on. As a student myself, I’ve found college to be a little bit of both. I often find myself asking, "How will this help me later in life?" But, then again, college gives me more control over my life and where I want it to go. In trying to figure out what exactly made college like this, and whether the way I felt was felt by others as well, I interviewed an Anthropology teacher at Las Positas College, Mr. Toby Coles, and I examined an essay by Caroline Bird called College is a Waste of Time and Money. The two sources offered int eresting views from both side of the spectrum. While interviewing Mr. Coles, I found I tended to agree with him on several of his points. Mr. Coles summed up himself, and how I feel, quite simply: "College gives you options." Unlike high school, you’re not required to fulfill a certain number of units in one year. If you have other plans for your life, you can accommodate those while going to school. But, that applies not only while you’re in college, but also when you get out of college. "Life’s about choices," Mr. Coles continued, "it’s about having choices. You come to critical points in your life where decisions have to be made, hopefully you have some options...[... ...of the basic purposes of education: career preparation." I don’t agree with this at all. I think that college should really be a little of both. Obviously you go to college to get a degree, which starts you in a career, so that’s the career preparation part of it. But, there’s also so much more to college that helps you with later in life. Both views that Caroline Bird and Mr. Toby Coles had on what college does for a student are opposing, but both are interesting. I don’t feel that college has been a waste of my time or money. At least not yet. Works Cited Bird, Caroline. "College is a Waste of Time and Money." The Norton Reader: An Anthology of Expository Prose. 9th ed. Ed. Linda H. Peterson et. al. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996. 481-490. Coles, Flournoy "Toby", Anthropology Teacher, Las Positas College. Personal Interview. 19 April, 1999

Victors Destruction in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- Frankenst

Victor's Destruction in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein Mary Shelley, in her book Frankenstein, makes several allusions to the fact that Victor Frankenstein is usurping the role of God in bringing his creature to life. The point of the book seems to be that a human who attempts to usurp the role of God will be heavily punished. Victor Frankenstein is severely punished. He loses everyone he loves before perishing himself in the arctic wastes. But did he really "play God" or did he merely unleash his own id and destroy himself? Allusions to Frankenstein's identification with God are sprinkled liberally throughout the book. From an early age Frankenstein identifies himself with God through his study of metaphysics. "It was the secrets of heaven and earth that I desired to learn (23)," Frankenstein says. From an early age it was the metaphysical secrets of life and death that obsessed Frankenstein. It was this interest that led him to study the alchemists. A choice that he believed brought about his own downfall. Frankenstein fears for his sanity. He exhorts us more than once to "remember that he is not recounting the visions of a madman (37)." Yet he fears so much that he will be thought mad that he doesn't reveal that his creature killed William, even though it means the death of Justine, who was wrongly convicted of the murder. Frankenstein protests his own sanity so strenuously throughout the book that one begins to wonder if he is, in fact sane. The image of Frankenstein as God is reinforced in the dialog between Victor and the creature when they meet on the summit of Montanvert (Chapter 10). The creature says: I am thy creature, and I will be even mild and docile to my natural lord and king if thou wilt also perfo... ...d friend, and the destined mate -- rivals for the affection of his parents and for success. It is significant that Frankenstein, although he knows of the creature's threats, does nothing to protect Elizabeth on their wedding night. In this way he is complicit in her death, and in his own destruction. Frankenstein spends the rest of his life chasing the creature. He seems to want to confront and kill him, but it is not destined to be. In reality Frankenstein ostracizes himself from human society, even traveling to the uninhabitable North Pole. He never catches his creature. Instead he wears himself out, dying more of guilt and exhaustion than anything else. The creature, freed by Victor's death, retreats from the inhabited world searching for the death that he hopes will bring him relief. Works Cited Shelley, Mary, Frankenstein. (Bantam Classics, NY), 1981.

Community Diagnosis Essay

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A community is a group of organisms or populations living and interacting with one another in a particular environment. People with common agenda, interest, or cause, who collaborate by sharing ideas, informaton, and other resources. In communty health nursing, community is the client who needs promotion and preservation of the health of the population. Community diagnosis is a means of examining aggregate and social statistics in addition to the knowledge of the local situation, in order to determine the heath needs of the community. It is a tool to disclose the hidden problems that are not visible to the community people but are being affected by them. This tool is important and has helped many communities in improving their health status. The main purpose of community health and nursing services is to improve and sustain the health situation of the community that doesn’t have access to basic health care services and to help individuals who need help to promote quality care for the whole community. This study will mainly benefit the people in Barangay 842, District VI of Manila. The researchers were optimistic that through this study they will be able to assist the community in developing measures that will enable the local residents to identify and manage their own health related problems and be able to achieve good health. Read more:  How to write a diagnostic essay of my self. Rationale This study aims to present the nature of the community of Barangay 842, District VI, Pandaca Manila thus aiding the nursing students to practice their knowledge and skills with discipline accuracy and in logical manner like contributing to the improvement of the condition of the locality. The community as the center of this study provides them to do their role in the field of health care as a responsible health nurse. It can produce data and information that can help to determine and identify needs, interest and problems of the community through joint efforts and cooperation among students and the people affected. Recognizing their needs, interest and problems of the community will enable them to plan the action needed, offer proposals, alternatives and solution and solve these problems with unity and coherence to have a better community setting. Community diagnosis provides the students exposure to the real-life situations, thus developing their decision-making skill and learn on ho w to deal on different people and situations in a right and ethical manner that we will encounter while conducting this study. It also helps them develop our knowledge, skill, attitude, cooperation, and participation on improving the condition and organizing a community and learn how to deal on a chaotic situation effectively. In addition, nursing practice in the community – The community diagnosis helps raise the level of health dissemination of the community. This will also help students to maximize our potential and to render the potential on preventing diseases, promoting health and organize and participate on the development of health plan that will benefit the community to attain optimum health to individuals, families and communities. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES GENERAL OBJECTIVES After two weeks of gathering information at Barangay 842, Pandacan Manila BSN level Group 1 will be able to identify their community’s health concerns and make actions towards acquiring of health resources and services. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 1. To assess the health condition and needs of the community and identify existing health programs and resources available. 2. To identify the health conditions that requires the highest priority and needs to be addressed. 3. To plan with the barangay officials and health care personnel a program that will help resolve the health concerns and needs of the barangay. Scope and Limitation The prioritization of the problems observed and stated by our group focused more on the gathered data from the families interviewed residing from Barangay 842. The content of the data gathered from the random sample may not be reliable enough to represent the whole community of Barangay 842. However, the study may post significance in the sense that it may be useful in determining the problems of the community. Methodology/Tools Used There are 110 family respondents which compromises of 496 individuals in Barangay 621 Zone 62, District VI,, Sta. Mesa, Manila for our Community Diagnosis. This family represents the people we interviewed. This survey will serve as the representation of the community. The main method we used to assess the problem of the community is â€Å"survey† by means of survey forms. We assess the community by asking questions through interviewing that is clear and specific that can gather exact and specific answers. In addition, we gathered data through â€Å"observing† to complete the data needed in the survey form. The survey form was adapted from the Municipal Health Department and was modified by Mr. Kenneth Joe Lovely RN, faculty member – College of Nursing of Universidad De Manila. We used a â€Å"spot-map† to locate the area for our community diagnosis. Data Gathering Procedure The community assessment was conducted over the entire Barangay 621 Zone 61, Sta. Mesa, Manila. Only 110 families are surveyed to represent the entire community. All the questions are restricted in the survey form that is made by the Municipal Health Department and modified by Mr. Kenneth Joe Lovely RN, faculty member – College of Nursing of the Universidad De Manila. All the data gathered was according to what the researchers see and hear. The history of the barangay is available at the barangay hall of the community. SETTING OF THE COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION The barangay 621 is one of the Barangay at Sta. Mesa, Manila. It has a total number of populations of six thousands four hundred forty. Juan Philip P. Manabat is the current Barangay Chairman. It is bounded at the Cordillera Street. Tagalog is their medium of communication, but as we observed there are also other languages that present in the community such as Bisaya, Cebuano, Ilocano, etc. the Barangay boundaries are 590 north, 603 east, 611 west, and 630 south. Approximate land area of more or less 6.5 hectares. Covering the streets of Jacinto Zamora Link and Valenzuela Street. The existing facilities in the community are: * Water pumps * Half courts The most common means of transportation in their street are pedicabs but some of the people that live there also use motorcycles and cars. The road of the streets are fully cemented, there are also parts of the roads that are rough roads. HISTORY OF THE COMMUNITY The Barangay 621, Zone 62, District VI of Manila was created around 1970’s through the effort of their ancestors. Their Barangay Patron is Saint Labrado which is the Patron Saint of Farmers which they celebrate every 3rd week of May in commemoration of their ancestors. COMMUNITY PROFILE The Barangay 621, Zone 62, District VI of Manila is the 2nd Barangay that can be seen when entering the Bacood Area. The best landmark of this Barangay is the Bacood Park which is within the jurisdiction of this Barangay. Barangay 621 has an estimated land area of more or less than 6.5 hectares. Covering the streets of Jacinto Zamora Link and Valenzuela Street. The boundary of the community is a river at the south near the Pandacan Bridge (Zamora Bridge). The certain spots of the Barangay started from a house near the river. Consequently, the houses were mostly were wood type houses and some are concretes. A lot of stray dogs and cats can be seen in the streets. During anytime, its an extreme hotness while as nighttime approaches, a little bit breeze of coldness can be felt. Polluted air can be inhaled due to the cars passing by. The nearest schools in the Barangay are Regina Apostolorum Academy, Tzu Chi Great Love Campus which is near some basketball courts and near the Pandacan Bridge (Zamora Bridge). Some children go to the Bacood Elementary School which is in the other Barangay near Barangay 621. Utilization of their own resources was one of the main factors in their livelihood. Sari-sari stores are the primary livelihood in the Barangay. Others also exists such as junk shops, karinderyas, pedicabs are rented for transportation purposes. The Barangay hall is just near the houses and there are Barangay tanods in yhe community, which provides safety and security. SPOT MAP * Chapter II The Community and Population Group Population of the Barangay6440 Total Families Surveyed:110 Families Total Population of Individuals Surveyed:496 Sex Ratio: (SR) Sex Ratio:= MaleX 100 Female = 251 Males / 245 Females X 100 = 102 Males per 100 Females The Families surveyed in Old Sta. Mesa St. Brgy. 621 zone 62 accounts for 110 families in whom individuals are 496, there are 251 Males and 245 Females. Using the above formula, the computed sex ratio is 102 Males per 100 Females. The sex ratio of individuals who is

Hiv In Manipur India Health And Social Care Essay

disrespect the occurrence that human immunodeficiency virus/ support has induce a serious creation health business enterprise in Manipur for the last decennaries touching stack of invariablyy(prenominal) last(predicate) social mathematical groups, the scholarship and sagacity layer of the customary population is a great deal mar by misconceptions taking to the marginalization of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDs and PLHAs. This article is ground on prolong field body of play carried f wholly let on in n primaeval(prenominal) territories of Manipur viz Imphal and Chandel in the twelvemonth cc8 with the designing to measure experience and chthonianstanding degree of the world-wide population sing human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, their cast towards PLHAs and to unearth the myth, belief and patterns colligate to human immunodeficiency virus/ aid which might open them to human immunodeficiency virus contagion. A gibe of 200 respondents i.e. blow respondents from each grease ingle spot of equal convention of virile and pis m unmatched and only(a)y boxate from the general population were call into questi nonp arild for the intent.Knowledge, positioning, behaviour, and pattern towards human immunodeficiency virus/ back up in Manipur, India a firebrand sectional go off.human immunodeficiency virus/ aid has beam corresponding wildfire since its initial sensing in 1981and has claimed 1000000s of lives across the universe. Harmonizing to the UNAID study, in that location were 33 meg batch populating with human immunodeficiency virus, 2.7 jillion muckle were pertly infect with human immunodeficiency virus and 2.0 million population died of back up in the twelvemonth 2007 unaccompanied ( UNAID study, 2007 ) . The spread of human immunodeficiency virus/ aid continues to compound with every passing twelvemonth in spite of attempts to control it by the claims across the contin ents. help continues to be genius of the slayer infirmitys of the 21st pennyury without all remedy so c venerable. It knows no social, hinge onual urge, caste and geographical leap thereby impacting larger number from all walks of disembodied spirit immature and archaic, rich and hap little, manlike and distaff, and crude across diametrical states of the universe.In India, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome has become hotshot of the intimately ambitious public health jobs. The freshman human immunodeficiency virus/ aid exemplification in India was detected in 1986 at CMC, Vellore, from alliance samples perplexn from commercial rouse workers in Madras. Since so, it has spread heterogeneously and steadily to all the some(prenominal) different(a) States and Union districts. India is now, the 3rd largest human immunodeficiency virus/ assist affected state in the universe and remains the largest in Asia ( NACO, 2007 ) . The ful l think of batch populating with human immunodeficiency virus/ help ( PLHAs ) in India in 2007 was estimated to be 2.31 million ( 1.8-2.9 million ) . Out of this, 39 % of PLHAs be estimated to be young-bearing(prenominal)s ( Technical brief, NACO, 2007 ) . Hetero versed is still the oerriding expressive style of human immunodeficiency virus transmittal in India. However, the transmittal form of human immunodeficiency virus in India is uneven with southern provinces describing much than(prenominal) of straight outside(a) transmittal than the northern provinces. In the north eastern provinces, it is a junto of some(prenominal) guessing drug users and unprotected finish up. sise provinces in India describe high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence of to a greater extent(prenominal) than 1 % among distaff p atomic number 18nts go toing ante-natal clinic. Manipur is one much(prenominal) half a dozen provinces excessively Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu and Naga convey. With b atomic number 18ly 0.2 % of the state s entire population, yet bestow astir(predicate) 8 % of India s entire human immunodeficiency virus positive instances, help has emerged as a new and serious public wellness exigency in Manipur.though the major transmittal path in Manipur still remains through and through hit drug users ( IDUs ) , evokeual transmittal is non far behind. A recent one-year piquet surveillance study ( NACO, 2006 ) revealed that human immunodeficiency virus prevalence among IDUs has well come down every endow the old senesces only Manipur still has human immunodeficiency virus prevalence of IDUs in a higher place 10 % . The quick addition in human immunodeficiency virus transmittal through insecure energize in the province in recent measure is extremely refering. The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus among young-bearing(prenominal) sex workers ( FSW ) in Manipur is 13.07 % , sweep uping only if to Mahara shtra ( 17.9 % ) and among work forces contracting sex with work forces ( MSM ) is 16.4 % . ( human immunodeficiency virus sentinel surveillance/ technological brief, NACO ) . Vertical transmittal of human immunodeficiency virus infection from hubby to get get marry monogamous marry woman in Manipur is etymologizing impulse over the last fewer old climb ons with a study of more than 1 % prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus among womanish parents go toing prenatal clinic.human immunodeficiency virus/ help is progressively acute every behind of societal strata reservation even to the remotest body politic in Manipur. Negi K.S et.al ( 2006 ) in their be sight that near of the persons in community do non eng while correct and complete training intimately HIV/ back up and its bar. The up-to-the-minute study of Manipur State acquired immune deficiency syndrome moderate Society ( MSACS ) revealed that Manipur has 40,000 HIV positive account instances among the gen eral population. HIV/ aid has therefore, go a serious public wellness job in Manipur, impacting concourse from all societal strata. Therefore, maintaining the widespread job of HIV in head, the present start on has been plan to measure the re comprehension and apprehension of the general population sing HIV/AIDS, their attitude towards PLHAs and to unearth the myth, belief and patterns related to HIV/AIDS which might expose them to HIV infection.Material and methodsThis was a cross-section and experimental come carried out in 2 territories of Manipur viz Chandel and Imphal from June 2008 till mid-November 2008. A sum of 200 respondents consisting of 100 respondents each from ii sub-divisions i. vitamin E Lamphelpat in Imphal West and Chandel in Chandel territories, were contacted in their short letter and interviewed. The respondents who were at least 18 old long times of age and higher up were indiscriminately selected and interviewed aft(prenominal) taking their in formed consent. Equal Numberss of young-begetting(prenominal) and pistillate respondents from two(prenominal)(prenominal) the territories were selected for the intent. A pre-tested questionnaire consisting of points on socio- presentgraphic background, learning, attitude, behaviour and pattern of HIV/AIDS was used for roll uping entropys from each of the respondents. The interview though, based on the questionnaire was a combination of closed and open-ended, and the interview was carried out in free flowing mode where respondents revealed beyond what is cosmos asked. This was supplemented by thespian observation.Imphal is the enceinte metropolis of Manipur and lies at the bosom of the province. It is a commercial and official hub of the province. There are different communi draw togethers populating in Imphal, the volume of which is be by the Meitei community learned by Muslims, different tribal groups, and non-Manipuri migrators. Imphal territory being the superi or metropolis check intos an frame over otherwise territories and has the best wellness attention installations obtainable in the province. Besides that, it is excessively place to some(prenominal) apex authorities and non-government offices including fluffed NGOs working for the public assistance of HIV/AIDS in the province. It alike has an border over other territories in footings of substructure, conveyancing and communicating, educational establishments, etc. Imphal is divided into two districts-east and west. The inelegant of the come was in dictated in Lamphelpat sub-division of Imphal-west territory. This sub-division is the nearly thickly live country ( 2001 nose count ) in Imphal West. legal age of the large number in Lamphelpat see Hinduism, Muslim, Meitei Sanamahi and Christianity. other country of the survey is Chandel territory, placed on the southern portion of Manipur 64km off from Imphal metropolis. It is inhabited by scheduled ethnic music prepon derantly be to the Naga cultural group followed by folks belonging to mentum/Zou cultural groups. There is as well a minor population of non-tribal communities belonging to Meitei, Muslim and non-Manipuri migrators. The field survey was carried out in the territory headquarter of Chandel sub-division where the survey population nominates of different Naga folk. Christianity is the dominant faith practiced among the tribal population of Chandel sub-division.selective teachings analysisData was entered in SPSS-Pc version 11.5/15 ( Check ) . Data was express in per centums and comparings mingled with the groups were through with(p) utilizing Chi-square trial. Unpairedt trial was performed for happening out battles mingled with groups for quantitative variables. p value little than 0.05 was considered fundamental.ConsequencesDemographic profile of the survey populationA sum of 200 respondents from both Imphal and Chandel territories were interviewed utilizing the shut in K ABP questionnaires. There were 100 respondents from each of the territory consisting of 50 anthropoid and 50 effeminate. The respondents in Chandel belonged to the tribal population of the Nagas enchantment that of Imphal belonged to the Meiteis.The respondents belonging to different age groups were maximal for 18-30 ( 45.5 % ) , 31-40 ( 29 % ) , 41-50 ( 16 % ) , 51-60 97 % ) and 61-above ( 2.5 % ) in locomote order.In footings of matrimonial side of meat, the respondents comprises for the most part of get hitched with work forces ( 54 % ) and adult young-bearing(prenominal) ( 61 % ) , followed by single work forces ( 44 % ) and adult effeminates ( 34 % ) .The educational position of the respondents in Imphal countries generally analyze till supplementary ( 33 % ) or up to alumnuss ( 33 % ) while in Chandel, most of the respondents studied till supplemental ( 30 ) . Gender wise, manlike respondents were ground to be more ameliorate than fe manlike. At least 39 % resp ondents in Chandel were each illiterate or learn special counseling as against 5 % respondents in Imphal. Overall, most respondents studied till secondary ( 31.5 ) followed by alumnuss ( 29 % ) .In footings of business, absolute majority of the respondents were un apply ( 28 % ) . Majority of feminine respondents were housewife ( 21.5 % ) . Employment position of the respondents was seen to be more ( 17 % ) in Imphal than in Chandel ( 7 % ) . Most of the respondents in Imphal comprise of unemployed ( 32 % ) , followed by those employed ( 17 % ) while in Chandel, woman of the house ( 29 % ) and pupils ( 26 % ) constitute the majority of the respondents.With escort to faith, 71 % respondents in Imphal follow Hinduism, 25 % Meitei Sanamahi, 3 % Christianity and 1 % other faith. As compared to this, all the respondents in Chandel follow Christianity.FindingssCognition From the survey, it was found that except for one respondent from Chandel, all the other respondents in both the survey countries have hear of AIDS. On farther question almost what AIDS unsoundness was, people of them could non snuff it correct do. Merely 5 % respondents in Imphal and 6 % respondents in Chandel gave even off reply to this. masculine respondents ( 8 % ) were somewhat conditioned most what AIDS disease was than pistillate respondents ( 3 % ) .With dissemble to the inquiry on what is HIV? 17 % respondents in Imphal gave by right wings reply as against 22 % right reply in Chandel. Gender wise, the regard of manful respondents ( 32 % ) with right chemical reaction was extremely most-valuable ( p & lt 0.000 ) than womanish respondents ( 7 % ) . 57 % respondents from Imphal and 47 % respondents in Chandel knew about the fight amid HIV and AIDS. A authorized exit ( p & lt 0.001 ) was ascertained between the two familiar activitys as anthropoid respondents ( 65 % ) who gave right repartee was signifi dejectiontly higher than egg-producing(prenominal) respo ndents ( 39 % ) . lecture the etiology of HIV/AIDS, quides of the respondents from both the countries i.e. 69.5 % were knowing about the motivative(prenominal) agent for HIV. The staying put down of respondents had misconceptions. A authorized fight of P & lt .020 and ( P & lt .006 ) was discoverd in Imphal and Chandel each in this facet. clack the manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal, bug out of the respondents i.e. & gt 90 % from Imphal and Chandel had right cognition about it when it concerns agitating custodies, give alliance transfusion, sacramental manduction towels, unprotected sex, expectorate/sneezing, and sharing septic acerate leaf. & gt 75 % had right cognition on mosquito bite, kissing/hugging, and infect female parent to child. A of the essence(p) contrast of P & lt 0.022 was noted in Imphal with regard to sharing of towels while in Chandel, a burning(prenominal) residuum of P & lt 0.001, P & lt 0.005, P & lt 0.001 was spy with regard to mosquit o bite, sharing of towels, and kissing/hugging severally.The response on the cognition of common symptoms of HIV/AIDS was met with 93 % and 87 % respondents mentioning lading impairment and passing of complexion/appetite as the most common symptoms severally of PLHAs. Respondents anyway considered fever/cough ( 79 % ) , profligacy ( 74.5 % ) , OI like T.B/ messcer ( 74 % ) , heyday on the tegument ( 73 % ) and lummox in inguens ( 71 % ) in go orders as other symptoms of PLHAs.On the beginnings of information on HIV/AIDS, bulk of the respondents i.e. & gt 90 % from Imphal country have mass media like Television ( topical anesthetic channel ) , wireless, composition course dramas, as their chief beginning. other, 72-88 % describe NGOs , and a negligible 18-4 % account church service service as their chief beginnings of information. No all of instant(predicate) dissimilarity was discovered in imphal. In contrast, Chandel reported high per centum i.e. a?84 % of res pondents acquiring information from church, and NGOs. A in-chief(postnominal) digression of response i.e P & lt 0.037, P & lt 0.002, P & lt 0.001 and p & lt 0.013 in the beginnings of information was noted in wireless, telecasting, newspaper and NGOs.AttitudeThe survey found that bulk of the respondents from both the survey countries i.e. 53.3 % were voicelessly in party favour of the attitudinal statements that HIV/AIDS is a penalty of perfection for bad behaviour. A important exit ( p & lt 0.012 ) was observed in Chandel as female respondents ( 68 % ) were extremely in favour of the statement than their male setback numbers ( 42 % ) .83.5 % and 91.5 % respondents anyways considered HIV/AIDS as a job chiefly associated with im honorable behaviour and injure drug users ( IDU ) severally. No important difference was observed in the above statements. Respondents ( 71.5 % ) besides opine that PLHA should non acquire married. A important difference P & lt 0.005 was obser ved in chandel with regard to this response. A humongous 94.5 % besides expressed their concern for compulsory HIV proving prior to unification while 85 % respondents voiced the demand for separate wellness Centre for PLHAs.46.5 % respondents verbalize PLHAs should be apart(p) to forestall farther transmittal while 46 % respondents tell they would non wish to mix with PLHAs. A important difference of P & lt 0.047 and 0.002 severally was noted in the above statements in chandel.67.5 % respondents besides state they would ensure a disgraced if they were infected with HIV/AIDS and 39.5 % respondents maintain that PLHAs should non be operated for any working(a) job. A important difference with regard to these statements was seen at P & lt 0.023 and p & lt 0.002 severally among male and female respondents of chandel.As view to pre-marital sex, merely mere 16 % respondents had no issue while the bulks were non in favour of it. There was a important difference of P & lt 0.040 in the response among male and female respondents in chandel.76.5 % respondents strongly believed that PLHAs are destined to depart Oklahoman or subsequently. No important difference was observed in both the two survey sites. However, when it comes to encyclopedism school kids about safer sex, whacking 96.5 % respondents agreed to it with no important difference seen in the response in both the two survey country.Sing corporate skirmish of the union to care for PLHAs, 84 % respondents were in favour of it. However, a important difference of P & lt 0.006 was noted merely in respondents of chandel.Behaviors and Practices The general mean age for the onset of sex was 23.37A5.73. However, it was noted that respondents in Chandel ( 20.21A4.08 ) had front onset of familiar intercourse than those in Imphal ( 27.36A4.99 ) . Out of 200 respondents, a sum of 113 respondents responded to this inquiry of age at first intimate brush. Education was found to be straight relative to the on coming of sex. slight educated respondents had earlier onset of sex than those educated 1s.The mean for age at join was 25.51A5.64 and instruction was found to hold some influence on the age of marriage every bit good. less(prenominal) educated respondents marry earlier than those educated 1s. A important difference was observed in the age of matrimony among female respondents from Chandel as the inference of matrimony begins every bit early as the age of 14 ( 20.42A41 ) .From the analysis, it was found that few or more respondents were found to hold probabilityous behaviour susceptible to HIV infection. 7.5 % respondents admitted holding been exposed to tear transfusion for assorted medical exam jobs. 41 % tell their organic structures have been injured by crisp objects such(prenominal)(prenominal) as wind vane/knife. The response to the latter statement was favourably high in chandel & gt 53 % . However, no important difference was observed.Negligible male respondents i.e. 3.5 % revealed to hold used opprobrious drugs such as intoxicant, diacetylmorphine, drugs, etc. No female was found utilizing opprobrious drugs. 62 % admitted being strong-armly involved with their spouse i.e. all with partner of non- symmetric inner spouse. Here, a important difference of P & lt 0.002 was observed in imphal with more male acknowledging to it. Another 10.5 % consisting generally of male respondents were found to be unwiseness in sex with non-regular spouse. A important difference of P & lt 0.018 in imphal and P & lt 0.001 in chandel was observed.With regard to utilize of coat in sex either with regular ( partner ) or non-regular internal spouses, 18.5 % respondents express they used it systematically. In chandel, a important difference of P & lt 0.004 was noted with male respondents utilizing golosh in sex.17 % respondents of the married twosome used home formulation of any signifier. 40.5 % respondents consisting largely of male respondents ut ter they have atcourseed awareness camps/programmes on HIV/AIDS. A important difference of P & lt 0.014 and p & lt 0.011 in imphal and chandel severally, was observed.It was besides noted that 34 % respondents had done HIV proving at least one duration in their lifetime. Another 39 % respondents showed their entrustingness to travel for HIV proving if necessary. More male respondents were seen to demo go awayingness to travel for HIV proving. A important difference was observed in both the survey countries i.e. P & lt 0.007 in chandel and P & lt 0.035 in chandel.Another 28 % respondents said they would delegate specific utensils if anyone in their household was infected with the virus. No important difference was seen here. 16 % respondents besides admit that people do insult/tease people with the virus. A important difference of P & lt 0.001 was observed as really less female respondents in chandel admit to PLHAs being teased/insulted. Another 50.5 % besides said spiritua l places are usually denied to PLHAs which is considered baronial place. The response from female respondents was more and a really high important difference of P & lt 0.000 was observed between the two genders in chandel.DiscussionThe present survey revealed that though all the respondents heard about AIDS, legion(predicate) of them did non cognize what AIDS precisely was. For most respondents, AIDS was principlely synonymous with sexual light- wringedness, dissipated behaviour and shooting drug users. This belief was chiefly propounded by the incident that most PLHAs in the survey countries were believed to be associated with at least one of the above timbres. uniform findings were reported by Viser MJ et.al, 2006 metalworker DJ. 2004.When it comes to HIV, really few respondents had right cognition about it despite the fact that AIDS has become a dining put off talk . Out of the few respondents that have right cognition on HIV, male respondents were more. This may be due to the fact that the overall educational position of male respondents was somewhat higher than their female face-to-face numbers. The other ground could be because male members of the parliamentary law are more outgoing, so are more updated about their societal environment through media beginnings like newspaper and magazines.Majority of the respondents besides could non province the difference between HIV and AIDS. It was interesting to observe that some respondents had wholly different word-painting approximately HIV as a separate disease non related to AIDS at all. Many of them were still oblivious(predicate) of the term HIV when used in isolation from AIDS. It was found that HIV and AIDS were frequently times used unitedly without truly understanding the difference between the two. Respondents from Imphal were found to hold somewhat punter cognition about HIV than respondents from Chandel. This could be due to the fact that unlike respondents from Imphal, respondents i n Chandel had less or no entree to media such as newspapers, local channel, and street dramas, etc whereby HIV/AIDS instruction is accustomed out at regular intervals.Sing the manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal, bulk of the respondents had right cognition about it especially refering to the intravenous feeding primary manner of transmittal i.e. through insecure sexual contact, blood transfusion, sharing septic syringe and female parent to child transmittal. However, few respondents had misconceptions when it comes to contagion through mosquito bite, agitating custodies, sharing towel, coughing or sneeze, and kissing/hugging. These misconceptions is chiefly to irritate with the false beliefs that HIV/AIDS is genetical through any blood swap and organic structure fluids ( workout suits ) and as such any amour that makes direct contact with the blood as in the instance of mosquito or organic structure fluid is considered uncertain. Therefore, there is pressing necessity to sensitise mightily the general population about the right manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal. Similar findings in the simple eye of deficiency of meet sensitization/education on HIV/AIDS taking to misconceptions, was besides reported by Hartwig K.A et.al 2006. As was observed in the analysis, legion(predicate) of the respondents from chandel tokenly female respondents tend to trust on information obtained from local chitchats, which are frequently times deflower by hyperboles and misconceptions responsible for stigmatisation and favoritism of PLHAs and the disease HIV/AIDS.The misconceptions refering to HIV/AIDS was closely related to the ways through which information about the disease is obtained. Respondents from Imphal had mass media like local channel ( T.V ) , and newspaper, etc as their chief beginning of information whereby HIV/AIDS instruction is given out by dependable beginnings whereas, in Chandel, media crop was negligible. This could be explained on the footing of inaccessi bility to local channel ( T.V ) and newspaper. In Chandel where cent per centum of the respondents are Christians, church act as one of the major beginnings for distributing information/ acquaintance on HIV/AIDS. It was found during participant observation that non all church leading were decently trained nor good weaponed with information on HIV/AIDS yet many of the church leadershiphip did non waver to reprobate HIV/AIDS as a shameful, ugly and shameful disease fated to bechance upon promiscuous and im virtuous soulfulness in the caller. So, church members were encouraged to pattern abstention from sex boulder clay matrimony and be in sync with the scriptural moral rule so as to countermand HIV/AIDS disease. This could be one of the grounds why stigmatisation of PLHAs was more terrible in Chandel than in imphal.It is besides interesting to observe that female members of the society in both the survey country were found to be social aware i.e. what society thinks and were more prone to take part in and trust on local chitchats which is largely influenced by socio-cultural feelings than medical truth. Therefore, it is non surprising that more jut out of female respondents had scruples on HIV/AIDS and stigmatisation towards PLHAs.Another interesting thing to note was in the manner how people perceived PLHAs. Knowledge on the symptoms of HIV/AIDS patients revealed that many of the respondents considered loss of cargo and jumble color, organic structure roseola, etc as the major symptoms of HIV/AIDS. This cognition supposedly comes from the cultural belief that most PLHAs in the survey country physically discover such symptoms. However, lost of weight and skin color is non medically sole to PLHAs and as such, if non decently sensitized on this, it will take to the incorrect premise that anybody with weight lost or skin color who may non needfully be infected with HIV/AIDS have a strong potency, if non already, to be stereotyped and marginalized as PLHAs .Data besides shows that a massive figure of respondents still see HIV/AIDS as immoral disease or diseases of shooting drug users. A big figure of respondents from chandel besides considered HIV/AIDS as penalty of divinity fudge for bad behaviour. This belief as study was chiefly influenced by which HIV/AIDS is transmitted i.e. through insecure sex and sharing of septic panpipes. It may be mentioned here that sexual promiscuity and shooting drug users are culturally viewed in the society as walk outen or immoral individual in both the survey country and as such, anybody practising any of the said behaviour are by and large considered immoral and therefore, stigmatized. This could be one of the chief grounds why HIV/AIDS is extremely stigmatized since it is believed to be largely associated with people of low morality or whose moral book of factss are questionable in the society. Notwithstanding the fact that many acquitted female PLHAs may acquire infected through t heir partner or some could hold been infected through accidental blood transfusion, PLHAs are by and large regarded as wayward in the look of the society and as such, are stigmatized. The other grounds stated for HIV/AIDS being considered as the most stigmatized disease is besides because of the nature in which PLHAs, at an advanced phase of the disease, died an ugly decease, physically looking awfully haggard with superfluous like build and complete loss of one s natural skin color and medically, from multiple timeserving infections. However, the physical perceptual experience may non ever be true for all PLHAs.Another noteworthy observation made in both the society was refering to the prevalence of gender disparity when it comes to morality and promiscuousness. Culturally, sexual promiscuousness and immoral behaviour such as drug and intoxicant maltreatment, or waywardness are tabooed yet society tends to be more tolerant towards male members than female. It is an unfastened inscrutable for male members in the society to be concured more readily than female despite go againsting unsanctioned societal norms. This explains why many of the female respondents expressed that they would experience abashed if infected with HIV/AIDS, a disease symbolic of immoral behaviour. This determination is in conformance with the findings of smith DJ, 2004.A disagreement between cognition and behavior/practice of the people towards PLHA was besides observed. Though most respondents demuring few were alert about the primary manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal, they admitted to hold maintained some distance or reserve in mixing with PLHAs despite cognizing good that making so will in no manner put them at encounters. grayish LA and Marle S, 1991 reported similar observations. This could plausibly be a instance of extent cultural stigmatisation of PLHAs in general whereby common people fear the stigma of being stereotyped by tie ining with PLHAs.Respondents besides expres sed the feeling that PLHAs should hold separate wellness Centre on the land that it will be safer for both the infected and non-infected population as they could non support the instruments of wellness attention Centre to be to the full safe from HIV infection. Majority of the respondents besides viewed that PLHAs should neither acquire married nor have kids as making so will merely increased the figure of PLHAs who in all chance will merely populate to endure and died a agonizing decease. However, few people were of the position that every bit long as PLHAs marry amongst themselves, that should non be a job.Since HIV/AIDS is a extremely stigmatized disease bulk of the respondents expressed the demand for mandate HIV proving between twosomes prior to marriage so as to avoid a day of reckoning hereafter as was put in by many respondents. This is because of the belief that HIV/AIDS is a catching and an incurable disease which when infected will invalid and shorten the life span of the individual concern. As one respondent said one time you get infected with HIV/AIDS, it is for supports and you can non run off from it instead you ll decease with and by it . The stigmatisation towards PLHAs is besides revealed in that the general populations tend to hold forbidly preconceived impression about anyone infected with HIV/AIDS even if that individual happens to be chastely well behaved. condescension holding negative perceptual experiences about HIV/AIDS, when it comes to corporate concern of the people towards PLHAs, bulk of the respondents from both the countries expressed their smell of taking duty to care for PLHAs. However, the faculty of this statement may non defy societal stigma as disagreement between cognition and pattern has been discussed in old statements. One of the grounds for having such duty could be due to the humanist side of adult male underlining other negative feelings. The humane nature is highlighted farther when the respondents said P LHAs should seek medical aid at the earliest with a cautiousness that all patients seeking surgery should be thoroughly tested for HIV/AIDS.Prenuptial or extra-marital sex was non favored by many and more so in Imphal. Respondents in Imphal were somewhat more reserved about sex than those from Chandel. In Imphal country, prenuptial and adulterous sex was seen more as societal taboo while in Chandel it was more to make with the misdemeanor of scriptural moral rule besides it being considered socio-cultural sacred as good. Few respondents largely male, had neutral position on this, stating it was a affair of personal pick. It may besides be mentioned here that by and large people have reserves about discoursing sex and gender in the unfastened or in public because of the cultural education whereby treatment of sex or gender is confined to or between married twosome. A survey by Goyal RC, et al 1994 Hartwig KA et.al, 2006 besides reported similar findings on the reserve of openly discoursing sex and gender.Another interesting characteristic noted in this survey was the instalment of sex for both male and female and the age at matrimony. The overall second-rate age for the induction of sex was 23.37A5.73 old ages. The overall come age at matrimony observed in the survey was 23.04A5.22 and 28.65A4.52 old ages for both female and male severally. The average age at matrimony in the survey site was found to be above the legal age at matrimony in India which is 18 for female and 20 one for male. Here, instruction is seen to play an of import function in detaining induction of sex and age at matrimony. A important difference was observed in the age at matrimony among female respondents from Chandel where the induction of matrimony begins every bit early as the age of 14 ( average 20.42A4.1 old ages ) . This may be because female respondents largely in-between age in Chandel had small or no instruction at all. Besides instruction, cultural procreation is beside s seen to hold indirect impact on the age at matrimony. The paternal construction of the society in both the survey country is such that male members of the household are given penchants over female in any affairs as it is through male line that coevals of the household is continued.Analysis of sexual behaviour and patterns besides revealed that most of the respondents who do non see themselves at being hazard to HIV infection were in fact, practising hazardous sexual behaviour. Quite a figure of respondents admitted practising insecure sex within and out of doors matrimony. Though, sexual relation outdoors matrimony is a socio-cultural tabu, yet it is non purely upheld. theoretically and culturally, bulk of respondents were non in favour of sexual relation outside of matrimony. However, during the survey, it was found that such cultural apprehension of sexual tabu did non truly forestall some of them from humoring into it as was admitted by few respondents. The sexual behaviors /practices of male respondents were at higher hazard for HIV infection than female respondents. This could be due to the prevalence of gender disparity in the societal set up whereby society is more tolerant towards male promiscuousness and immoral behaviour than that of female. As such, female respondents from both the country were more reserved for the obvious fright of shame and incurring stigma. Therefore, none of the female respondents from Imphal admitted to hold indulged in extra-marital matter while in Chandel, a negligible figure of them reluctantly admitted indulging to it after initial equivocation. Male respondents were relatively found to be more blunt and unfastened about their indulgence in sexual relationships in and outside of matrimony.For those respondents who admitted to hold engaged in tabooed sexual relation, really less figure of them admitted utilizing rubberize systematically. Here, it may be noted that despite many of them accepting rubber as a good optio n for safer sex, it is non being used systematically on the land that rubbers do non give full sexual satisfaction. The ground given to explicate was that culturally rubber is stigmatized and is considered meant for sexually promiscuous people. Condoms are besides believed to hold inauspicious backwash on adult females wellness and as such rule of it, in most cases is sooner ruled out. In instance of married twosome, usage of rubber is considered non a necessity as the socio-cultural significance of matrimony is for the intent of reproduction and sexual fulfilment. Therefore, usage of rubber is merely taken as blockading the really intent of matrimony. This is one of the grounds why some respondents who admitted of fall backing to household planning pet preventive pills. A survey carried out in rural Lebanon by Kulczycki A, 2004, reported similar findings on the usage of rubber and the stigma attached to it.It was besides observed that some of the participants had undergone bloo d transfusion for either medical or surgical grounds, increase the opportunities of HIV transmittal. Many respondents were willing to accept PLHAs and even take duty for them but this is contradicted by the admittance that they would non needfully hope PLHAs to be neither a alternative individual for any socio-religious event nor a spiritual figure in the society because harmonizing to the local people, a spiritual figure should be person whose moral character does non offend the normative moral Torahs of the society whereas in the instance of PLHAs, their moral character is ever questioned and as such can non keep a spiritual place unless the individual in inquiry rightfully repents and take a repentant, reform life. last From the analysis of the present survey, it can be concluded that false socio-cultural impression of HIV/AIDS as a morally corrupting disease is taking precession over medical facts, taking after to stigmatisation and favoritism of PLHAs in the society. The su rvey revealed that although bulk of the respondents have high cognition about the four primary manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal, such cognition are frequently times marred by socio-cultural misconceptions. It can besides be inferred that behaviour of the people are greatly influenced by cultural beliefs instead than by medical facts. Therefore, incompatibility is observed between high cognition about the four primary paths by which HIV/AIDS is transmitted on one glove and high negative attitude towards PLHAs on the other manus. Local chitchats which are largely diluted with cultural misconceptions act as the fastest medium for the extension of intelligence on HIV/AIDS. Church elders/leaders particularly in chandel have strong influenced on people s attitude towards PLHAs. This could be one of the grounds why despite attempts from NGOs to educate people on HIV/AIDS, the disease is fast distributing in the survey country.Therefore, right(a) sensitisation of the people about HIV/AIDS a long the socio-cultural line is the demand of the hr in order to take several misconceptions which are responsible for the marginalisation of PLHAs. It is besides suggested that spiritual leaders should be given particular attending when sing of leaving proper instruction on HIV/AIDS in order that their influence on people may chase away cultural misconceptions taking to stigmatisation of HIV/AIDS. The survey besides may mind that stigmatisation of the disease was one of the substructure causes for the spread of HIV/AIDS in the country as fright of societal stigma and shame have disheartened many PLHAs to come out in the unfastened about their position thereby jeopardizing others in the procedure as such PLHAs continued to take a normal sexual life.RecognitionThis research is financed by UGC under the strategy of Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship for ST/SC pupils to prosecute M.Phil/Ph.Daaaaaa..